2017年7月31日 星期一

軍民融合創新猷 改革方為強軍路

<轉載自2017731 明報 社評>
明天(81日)是解放軍建軍90周年紀念日,經過多年發展,中國軍事實力近年有長足進步,躋身世界軍事強國之一。昨天於內蒙古朱日和基地舉行的閱兵,展示了近兩年的軍事改革的最新成果,身兼中央軍委主席的國家主席習近平在講話中強調「政治建軍、改革強軍、科技興軍、依法治軍」,而最引人注目之處,是首次把「科技興軍」排在「依法治軍」之前,而科技興軍的重要標誌之一,就是把「軍民融合發展」提升為國家戰略。
習近平為軍改的目標明確定為:建設成為世界一流軍隊。他在昨天的閱兵中又再次重申這一目標。既然要向世界一流軍隊看齊,解放軍這次軍改,無論從新建陸軍司令部,將總參謀部改組為軍委聯合參謀部,到建立戰區主戰、軍種主建的軍令,軍政分離體制,以至擴大海空軍將領在各級聯合司令部中的比重,在在都有學習、模仿美軍的影子。
建設世界一流軍隊 借鑑學習美軍經驗
軍民融合是指既利用民間科技和產能為軍方服務,亦指軍方科技和產能向民用轉化,實現經濟建設與國防建設相輔相成,協調發展。
在美軍歷史上,從二戰中的科技研究發展局(OSRD)到現在的國防高級研究計劃署(DARPA),都是軍民融合的協調機構。著名的波音公司,既是全球著名的民航客機製造商,亦是世界第二大武器出口商,研發生產轟炸機、導彈等先進軍備。美國太空總署(NASA)不僅整合了陸軍彈道導彈署和海軍研究實驗室的部分功能,更吸引了全球的太空科技精英。甚至互聯網的誕生、荷李活電影動畫技術的來源,都有美軍科技發展的貢獻。箇中經驗,值得中國借鑑。
反面的例子則是解體前的蘇聯,軍工體系龐大臃腫,但卻與民用工業分割獨立,在科技研發和生產中,無法發揮出最大的協同效應,耗費了大量資源,最終在與美國的軍備競賽中拖垮了整個國民經濟。
在中國,改革開放前的全民皆兵、軍民一體,只是戰時體制的延續,並非現代意義的軍區融合;改革開放後鄧小平提出 「軍民結合、平戰結合、軍品優先、以民養軍」的16字方針後,軍工企業雖有一定轉產民用品的發展,如重慶兵工廠轉產的「嘉陵牌」民用電單車,出口東南亞曾打響名堂。但囿於軍品優先、保密觀念等傳統思維,軍隊、政府間職能不清,國防工業依然獨立於民用工業,與經濟建設大局脫節,造成重複建設、技術落伍、產能資源的極大浪費。
正是在這種封閉分割的體制下,中國的軍民科技發展出現了畸輕畸重的失衡現象,例如,在太空科技已成強國,「神舟」、「嫦娥」升空探月的今天,國產飛機引擎的研發卻落後先進國家數十年,首架國產大客機C919才剛剛試飛;一方面是超級電腦領先全球,「神威太湖之光」和「天河二號」三度包辦全球冠亞軍,但另一方面,國產電腦晶片卻才剛剛起步,技術甚至不如韓國、台灣……
軍民融合已初見端倪 科技強軍須打破封閉
習近平上台後,把國防和軍隊改革列作優先要務,並形容是「一次整體性、革命性變革」。2015年,他首次提出把軍民融合發展上升為「國家戰略」。中共中央政治局今年1月開會,決定設立中央軍民融合發展委員會,由他本人親自任主任。
近兩年,中國的軍民融合發展戰略已經初見端倪,如國產「北斗」衛星定位系統開放了民用版,並取得國際海事組織(IMO)認可;神舟太空飛船多次搭載民用實驗物品,為農業育種科技提供平台。今年以來,軍民融合更有所突破,本月14日國家軍民融合綜合公共服務平台首度透過互聯網,公開向民間發布建設需求,吸納社會資源來攻克軍方的關鍵技術和難題。國務院近日印發的《新一代人工智能發展規劃》中,也提出「促進人工智能技術軍民雙向轉化、軍民創新資源共建共享」。中國空軍透過工信部的「中國製造2025」計劃,利用民間力量,加快空軍的技術升級,實現戰略轉型。針對內地最令人詬病的空中航線管制,四川省更將低空空域管理改革列為該省軍民融合的「一號工程」。
在今次軍改中,新組建的中央軍委科學技術委員會被認為是籌建中國版DARPA的重大佈局。軍委科技委主任由高功率微波領域專家、中國科學院院士劉國治擔任;軍事科學院的新院長楊學軍是超級電腦「天河一號」的總設計師;國防科技大學的新校長鄧小剛,是曾留學日本的中科院院士。這些人事安排,突顯了科技興軍的良苦用心。
船堅炮利固然是國防重要保障,但從軍隊體制的全面革新,到軍民融合的全面深度發展,才是科技興軍的必由之路。而軍民融合的深度發展,要以打破封閉為突破口,根本出路在改革創新。

Development of military-civil integration

TOMORROW (August 1) is the 90th anniversary of the foundation of the People's Liberation Army. Having developed for years, China, whose military capabilities have in recent years grown tremendously, is now among the world's military powers. The parade yesterday saw in the Zhurihe base (in Inner Mongolia) showcased what military reform had resulted in over the past two years. In the speech he made there, President Xi Jinping, who is concurrently chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), emphasised "establishing the military politically, strengthening the military through reform, building the military up with technology, running the military in accordance with the law". What has drawn the most attention is the fact that "building the military up with technology" has for the first time been put before "running the military in accordance with the law", and one of the important signs of "building the military up with technology" is the upgrading of the development of military-civil (MC) integration to the level of national strategies.
After Beijing had embarked on its "reform and opening-up" drive, Deng Xiaoping put forward his idea of "military-civil integration, peace-war integration, giving priority to military establishments and keeping them with civil establishments". China made afterwards some progress in having war industries churning out products for civil use. However, clogged with the traditional idea of giving the military priority and that of maintaining secrecy, the military's functions and the executive's were not distinguished between, and defence industries remained independent of the civil sector. They were so divorced from the general situation of economic development that there were project duplications, technologies were backward, and extremely large amounts of capacity resources were wasted.
It is owing to the closed and segmented system that there is gross imbalance between the technological development of China's war industries and that of its civil ones. Inordinate emphasis has been placed on certain areas at the expense of others. For example, China lags decades behind advanced countries in developing aircraft engines though it is now a space-science power (as its Shenzhou and Chang'e have gone to explore the moon). C919, the first China-built airliner, has just completed its flight test.
Xi Jinping has listed the defence and military reform as a top priority, describing it as "integral" and "revolutionary". He first proposed in 2015 upgrading the development of MC integration to the level of "national strategies". When it sat last January, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided that a Central Commission for Integrated Military and Civilian development be set up and that Xi himself chair it.
The creation of the CMC Science and Technology Commission is regarded as a major step towards setting up the Chinese version of the US DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency). It is chaired by Liu Guozhi, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and an expert in high-power microwave. Yang Xuejun, newly made president of the Academy of Military Sciences, is the mastermind behind Tienhe 1, a supercomputer. Deng Xiaogang, newly appointed president of the National University of Defence Science and Technology, is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences who once studied in Japan. Such appointments evidence the careful thought that has been expended on building the military up with technology.
"Sturdy vessels and powerful guns" are an important guarantee of national defence. However, the military cannot be built up with technology otherwise than by comprehensively reforming the armed forces' systems and achieving all-round and thorough-going development of MC integration, and a breakthrough can be made in the thorough-going development of MC integration only by breaking closure. It is the only way out to strive for reform and innovation.
軍民融合創新猷 改革方為強軍路
明天(81日)是解放軍建軍90周年紀念日,經過多年發展,中國軍事實力近年有長足進步,躋身世界軍事強國之一。昨天於內蒙古朱日和基地舉行的閱兵,展示了近兩年的軍事改革的最新成果,身兼中央軍委主席的國家主席習近平在講話中強調「政治建軍、改革強軍、科技興軍、依法治軍」,而最引人注目之處,是首次把「科技興軍」排在「依法治軍」之前,而科技興軍的重要標誌之一,就是把「軍民融合發展」提升為國家戰略。
改革開放後鄧小平提出 「軍民結合、平戰結合、軍品優先、以民養軍」的16字方針後,軍工企業雖有一定轉產民用品的發展,如重慶兵工廠轉產的「嘉陵牌」民用電單車,出口東南亞曾打響名堂。但囿於軍品優先、保密觀念等傳統思維,軍隊、政府間職能不清,國防工業依然獨立於民用工業,與經濟建設大局脫節,造成重複建設、技術落伍、產能資源的極大浪費。
正是在這種封閉分割的體制下,中國的軍民科技發展出現了畸輕畸重的失衡現象,例如,在太空科技已成強國,「神舟」、「嫦娥」升空探月的今天,國產飛機引擎的研發卻落後先進國家數十年,首架國產大客機C919才剛剛試飛。
習近平上台後,把國防和軍隊改革列作優先要務,並形容是「一次整體性、革命性變革」。2015年,他首次提出把軍民融合發展上升為「國家戰略」。中共中央政治局今年1月開會,決定設立中央軍民融合發展委員會,由他本人親自任主任。
在今次軍改中,新組建的中央軍委科學技術委員會被認為是籌建中國版DARPA的重大佈局。軍委科技委主任由高功率微波領域專家、中國科學院院士劉國治擔任;軍事科學院的新院長楊學軍是超級電腦「天河一號」的總設計師;國防科技大學的新校長鄧小剛,是曾留學日本的中科院院士。這些人事安排,突顯了科技興軍的良苦用心。

船堅炮利固然是國防重要保障,但從軍隊體制的全面革新,到軍民融合的全面深度發展,才是科技興軍的必由之路。而軍民融合的深度發展,要以打破封閉為突破口,根本出路在改革創新。

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