2020年10月13日 星期二

雙城故事四十載 深港浮沉啟示錄

 <轉載自20201014 明報 社評>

國家主席習近平南下考察,今天的深圳經濟特區建立40周年慶祝大會,是此行重點。深圳由小漁村蛻變成為現代化、國際化的大都市,除了天時地利人和,更重要是有發憤求進、務實靈活的強大內生動力,能夠不斷自我完善。深圳的崛起,是當代中國的縮影,最近中央公布深圳改革試點實施方案,支持深圳未來5年完善各方面制度,目標已不止是追上世界其他一流城市,而是要躋身最前列引領新時代,為全國其他城市提供可複製的楷模。香港與深圳合演雙城故事多年,時至今日,香港雖然仍有一些傳統優勢,然而深港一浮一沉,已是不爭事實,香港內生動力不斷流失,繼續故步自封,只會被逐步拋離。

港失內生動力 深圳愈戰愈勇

深圳特區成立時,不過是窮鄉僻壤,當時根本無人想過,深圳發展速度竟會如此迅猛,成為「中國矽谷」。10年前,深圳的GDP仍然只及香港一半,現在經濟規模總量已超過香港,世界銀行前首席經濟師林毅夫形容,深圳是「全球最年輕的現代化國際化大都市」,若說中國發展是一個奇蹟,深圳的發展則是「奇蹟中的奇蹟」。

有人認為深圳成功靠地利,多得毗鄰的香港「帶挈」;有人認為1990年代以來的高速全球化,為深圳發展提供了天時;有人則認為官民合力求發展的向心力,造就了現在的深圳。一個城市能夠急速崛起,天時地利人和缺一不可。內地改革開放為198090年代香港發展注入強大動力,與深圳形成「前舖後廠」合作關係,然而深圳其後升級轉型,蛻變為創科重鎮,已跟香港沒有太大關係。世紀之交的高速全球化,為世界不少國家及城市帶來重大機遇,然而輸家和停滯不前者同樣為數眾多,能夠像深圳以至整個中國般空前成功的,屈指可數。

1991年蘇聯解體,西方學者認為東歐共產主義陣營的敗亡,根本原因是制度僵化思想教條,缺乏自我完善更新能力,然而中國的發展軌迹卻成為異例,深圳的崛起,正正展現了強大的自我完善內生動力。深圳發展由早期聚焦解放生產力,到後來強調市場經濟建設,借助市場機制提高效率競爭力,再到近10多年的高新科技發展,過程並非一帆風順,深圳不僅克服了1997年亞洲金融風暴和2008年金融海嘯,還成功化危為機,不斷升級自己,引用林毅夫的說法,深圳的成功是中國發展理念的成功,體現的是「解放思想、實事求是、與時俱進」,深圳的發展經驗,是「有效市場」跟「有為政府」兩隻手共同使用,企業家能做的,放手讓企業家去做,企業家不能做的,就由政府幫助解決。

香港奉行資本主義制度,發展模式跟深圳迥然不同,兩地各有獨特制度和競爭優勢,近年深港雙城一浮一沉,內生動力是關鍵所在。曾幾何時,實事求是、務實靈活、善於因應時勢把握機會,正是香港之長。時至今日,香港卻失去發展所需的內生動力,意識形態束縛、既得利益作梗、鬥爭內耗不休,令香港社會種種深層次矛盾難以化解;面對全球激烈競爭,很多地方的人都在思考如何做大做強,在香港,不少人似乎更加樂於追求小確幸,很多人政治掛帥,忘記了實用主義是昔日香港成功之道。香港創科發展追落後,港深合作潛力巨大,有科技界人士認為,香港應放眼「更大」的世界市場,這可能只適用於本地個別具實力的創科領域。有雄心進軍世界是好事,可是亦毋須自絕於深圳河以北。

平等尊重合作 港需調整心態

香港身處大國博弈,承受不少壓力,有人擔心國際金融中心地位不保。一河之隔的深圳,其實亦受中美角力衝擊,美國遏制中國高科技發展,以深圳為基地的華為,成為狙擊重點,可是深圳整體發展方向和勢頭未見有變,兩地內生動力差別可見一斑。經過40年努力,無論深圳還是全國,大抵已找到通往先進現代化之路,華府打壓也許會拖慢發展步伐,然而深圳和中國的內生動力不會輕易消失。

中央最新公布的深圳改革試點實施方案,授予深圳更多權力,在科技創新、營商環境、對外開放、生態環境和城市治理等方面先行先試。「方案」為深圳長遠發展注入更多動力,着眼的不止是加快金融或創科發展,又或單單增強深圳在大灣區中的核心引擎功能,而是希望深圳躋身世界大都會前列,同時為國家深化改革、成為先進現代化強國探索經驗,現在再談論誰是大灣區龍頭、香港是否再非中央「掌上明珠」,已無多大意義,香港社會需要的是調整心態,設法保持既有制度和傳統優勢,發揮金融和專業服務等強項,同時亦要放下「高人一等」心態,以平等尊重原則與深圳合作,不能再一廂情願視自己為中心。

世事變幻無常,比起客觀環境變遷,人心變化往往最慢,容易導致認知與現實脫節,可是當兩者落差愈來愈大,最終仍得面對現實。中央將深圳定為建設中國特色社會主義先行示範區,在香港,很多人都對這類內地官方語言「無感」,無論如何,現實是深圳全速發展,不會「等埋」香港。故步自封不應該是香港社會的特質,拒絕認識深圳河之北,無視其發展,對香港並無好處。

HK and Shenzhen

Originally a small fishing village, Shenzhen has morphed into a modern and international metropolis. It has achieved such a status not only because it was in the right place and had the right people at the right time, but also because of its powerful inner motive force enabled by its endeavour, pragmatism and flexibility, which has made its never-ending self-perfection possible. Hong Kong and Shenzhen have been the characters of a tale of two cities for years. To this day, Hong Kong has still held on to some traditional advantages, but it is an indisputable fact that Shenzhen is rising while Hong Kong is sinking. Hong Kong continues to lose its inner motive force. If it remains complacent, it will only lag further and further behind.

Shenzhen was merely a remote rural area when the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was established. At that time, no one thought that Shenzhen would develop so rapidly to become "China's Silicon Valley". Ten years ago, Shenzhen's GDP was only half that of Hong Kong. Now its total economic scale has exceeded that of Hong Kong.

Some people think that Shenzhen owes its success to its geographical advantages, i.e. its proximity to Hong Kong. Some people think that the rapid globalisation since the 1990s was conducive to the development of Shenzhen. Some people think that it was the concerted effort of the government and the people, both dedicated to development, that created today's Shenzhen. For a city to rise rapidly, it is important to be in the right place at the right time and have the right people. Shenzhen's subsequent upgrading and transformation into a centre of innovation and technology has had little to do with Hong Kong. While the high-speed globalisation at the turn of the century brought major opportunities to many countries and cities in the world, there have also been many losers and laggards. There have been only a handful of unprecedented success stories like Shenzhen and the entire China.

Hong Kong has a capitalist system; its development model is very different from Shenzhen. The two cities have their unique systems and competitive advantages. In recent years, the two cities of Shenzhen and Hong Kong have risen and fallen, and the inner motive force has been the key. There was a time when Hong Kong's strength lied with its down-to-earthness, pragmatism, flexibility and skills in grasping opportunities in response to the current situation. Today, Hong Kong has lost its inner motive force needed for development. Ideological constraints, vested interests and endless internal strife have made it difficult for Hong Kong society to resolve its deep-seated problems. Facing fierce global competition, people in many places are pondering how to grow in scale and strength. In Hong Kong, many people seem to be more willing to pursue small happiness. Many people are too politically oriented to remember that pragmatism was Hong Kong's key to success in the past. The development of innovation and technology in Hong Kong is lagging behind, and there is huge potential for Hong Kong-Shenzhen cooperation. Some people in the scientific and technological industry believe that Hong Kong should focus on a bigger world market. This may be the case only for a handful of fields of innovation and technology that possess the strength in the city. While it is a good thing to have global ambitions, there is no need to restrict oneself to the south of Shenzhen River.

The world is in a state of flux. Compared with the changes in the objective environment, the changes in people's minds are often slower, which can easily lead to a disconnect between perception and reality. When the gap between the two widens, one has to face the reality ultimately.

雙城故事四十載 深港浮沉啟示錄

深圳由小漁村蛻變成為現代化、國際化的大都市,除了天時地利人和,更重要是有發憤求進、務實靈活的強大內生動力,能不斷自我完善。香港與深圳合演雙城故事多年,時至今日,香港雖仍有一些傳統優勢,然而深港一浮一沉,已是不爭事實,香港內生動力不斷流失,繼續故步自封,只會被逐步拋離。

深圳特區成立時,不過是窮鄉僻壤,當時根本無人想過,深圳發展速度竟會如此迅猛,成為「中國矽谷」。10年前,深圳的GDP仍然只及香港一半,現在經濟規模總量已超過香港。

有人認為深圳成功靠地利,多得毗鄰的香港「帶挈」;有人認為1990年代以來的高速全球化,為深圳發展提供了天時;有人則認為官民合力求發展的向心力,造就了現在的深圳。一個城市能夠急速崛起,天時地利人和缺一不可。深圳其後升級轉型,蛻變為創科重鎮,已跟香港沒有太大關係。世紀之交的高速全球化,為世界不少國家及城市帶來重大機遇,然而輸家和停滯不前者同樣為數眾多,能夠像深圳以至整個中國般空前成功的,屈指可數。

香港奉行資本主義制度,發展模式跟深圳迥然不同,兩地各有獨特制度和競爭優勢,近年深港雙城一浮一沉,內生動力是關鍵所在。曾幾何時,實事求是、務實靈活、善於因應時勢把握機會,正是香港之長。時至今日,香港卻失去發展所需的內生動力,意識形態束縛、既得利益作梗、鬥爭內耗不休,令香港社會種種深層次矛盾難以化解;面對全球激烈競爭,很多地方的人都在思考如何做大做強,在香港,不少人似乎更加樂於追求小確幸,很多人政治掛帥,忘記了實用主義是昔日香港成功之道。香港創科發展追落後,港深合作潛力巨大,有科技界人士認為,香港應放眼「更大」的世界市場,這可能只適用於本地個別具實力的創科領域。有雄心進軍世界是好事,可是亦毋須自絕於深圳河以北。

世事變幻無常,比起客觀環境變遷,人心變化往往最慢,容易導致認知與現實脫節,可是當兩者落差愈來愈大,最終仍得面對現實。

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