2017年6月14日 星期三

政府標時立法無期 欠打工仔一個公道

<轉載自2017614 明報 社評>
香港勞工權益保障不足,落後全球發達地區,現屆政府研究標準工時問題多時,最終結果卻叫廣大打工仔失望。政府僅提出以「合約工時」處理低收入僱員「有開工冇收工」、「有超時冇補水」的情况,是否就標準工時立法,留待兩年後再「研究」。「合約工時」安排向商界利益傾斜,不僅未能解決上班族工時長的問題,甚至還可能令到長工時剝削「合理化」。行政長官梁振英競選時提出要處理標準工時,5年過去,到頭來竟然是交由下屆政府繼續「研究」是否立法,辜負全港上班族期望,令人難以接受。
合約工時偷龍轉鳳 基層工人保障不足
要求合理工時,並非什麼奢求,而是非常基本的勞工保障,早在19世紀,歐美工人便由於不堪資本家剝削,走上街頭爭取每日8小時工作制。目前全球逾80個國家有法例規管工時,當中既有發達工業國家,亦有以農業為主的國家,香港在這方面實在落後得離譜。香港是全球工時最長地區之一,低技術基層工人情况尤其嚴重,長工時問題持續惡化。2015年全港約300萬打工仔每周工時中位數為44.5小時,遠超國際勞工組織建議的每周工時40小時。統計顯示,全港有6.57萬名僱員每周工作長達72小時或以上,若以每周工作6天計算,相當於每日返工12小時。打工仔身心透支,連基本休息時間也不夠,遑論與家人朋友共聚。與此同時,不少上班族對於被迫「無償加班」,以及公司要求放假期間上班,也相當無奈。有餐飲從業員便坦言「無法說不」,若不答應公司要求,擔心日後請假會有困難。凡此種種,都反映標準工時立法有迫切性,沒理由拖拖拉拉。
2013年,現屆政府成立標準工時委員會,一度為打工仔燃起希望,然而令人遺憾的是,資方代表一直反對以立法形式訂立標準工時,勞方質疑政府偏幫僱主,杯葛會議,最終得出來的方案,明顯向商界傾斜。根據行政長官會同行政會議通過的方案,政府將立法強制僱主與月薪不超過1.1萬元的基層員工簽訂合約,列明工時、休息及超時「補水」等安排,亦即所謂「合約工時」,惟當局只會為多個行業編制工時和補水指引,供僱主「參考」,有關指引並無約束力。兩年後政府會檢視成效,再研究是否需要就標準工時立法。
標準工時和合約工時的最大分別,在於前者是由政府立法一刀切訂明僱員每周工作總時數,後者僅是勞資雙方以合約形式列明工時,以合約工時代替標準工時,無異於偷龍轉鳳。低薪基層工人面對僱主,全無議價能力,以合約工時去規管,如同由僱主完全話事,打工仔只能期盼老闆「開恩」。設若工人幸運遇上良心僱主,或許還有希望得到較為合理的工時和補假安排,可惜算死草的老闆比比皆是,但求滿足政府最起碼的要求了事。基層僱員仰人鼻息,就算面對僱主開出長工時苛刻要求,也只能委曲求存、無奈接受。勞工界擔心,合約工時可能令部分工種的長工時情况「合理化」和「合法化」,進一步剝削僱員權益,絕非杞人憂天。
標時立法決心不足 下任政府需有擔當
政府官員為了推銷合約工時,不斷強調其優點,例如現時很多僱員合約雖有提及工時,惟超過一半都沒有提及加班「補水」等安排,超過20萬名僱員更是完全沒有書面合約保障。以書面合約規定工時和「補水」,列明僱主責任,總比口頭協定工時為佳,然而這些「優點」實際只是極為基本的要求。政府聲稱,方案以月薪不超過1.1萬元為界線,可令55萬僱員受惠,確保可以得到不低於協議工資率的超時補水又或補假,不過1.1萬元這條界線實嫌偏低。只要薪金高於1.1萬元,合約便完全不用提及工時安排,變相也令僱主有機會鑽空子逃避責任。
標準工時委員會花了3年多時間商議,結果只能得出如此軟弱無力的合約工時方案,背後反映的是政府決心不足。政府官員辯稱,工時問題除了要顧及勞工權益,也要考慮企業承受力,以及不會對香港經濟環境構成影響,然而問題是當前方案實在太偏向維護商界利益,嚴重偏離保障工人的目標。2011年香港實施最低工資前,商界亦言之鑿鑿,揚言最低工資令中小企首當其衝,面臨虧蝕被迫裁員,倘若將最低工資訂為28元,估計有可能導致4.6萬人失業,可是最低工資落實後,失業率不升反跌,令人質疑商界人士不過是危言聳聽,逃避對僱員應有的責任。現屆政府表示,當局會在兩年後檢討合約工時方案的成效,再由勞資雙方和政府一起決定是否需要就標準工時立法。有關建議實際是將標時立法這個燙手山芋,交給下屆政府,唯盼候任特首林鄭月娥能展示應有的擔當,認真推動標時立法,勿再辜負打工仔期望。
Broken promise about standard working hours has let down working people
WHEN it comes to labour rights protection, Hong Kong has fallen short of acceptable standards and is lagging well behind other developed regions all around the world. Having spent much time studying the issue of standard working hours, the government has come up with a plan, but it has disappointed the vast majority of working people. The government has proposed to address the problem of long and unpaid overtime only with "contractual working hours", saying that it will "study" whether to enact legislation on standard working hours two years later.
The demand for reasonable working hours is a legitimate one, since it is all about very basic labour protection. As early as the nineteenth century, workers in Europe and the United States, fed up with exploitation by capitalists, took to the streets to demand an eight-hour-a-day employment system. Today more than 80 countries — including advanced industrial countries as well as those relying mainly on agriculture — have laws in place that regulate working hours. In this aspect, Hong Kong is far lagging behind. Hong Kong is one of the places with the longest working hours. The problem is particularly serious with low-skilled workers of low social status, who are faced with an even deteriorating situation. In 2015, the median number of weekly working hours for Hong Kong's working people, who numbered approximately three million, was 44.5 hours, which was much higher than the 40 hours recommended by the International Labour Organization. According to statistics, 65,700 employees work for 72 hours or more every week. If they work six days a week, that means they have to work 12 hours daily. Exhausted, they do not even have time for basic rest, let alone spending time with their family and friends. What is more, many working people have no choice but to be forced to do unpaid overtime or work on holidays. Some employees in the catering industry say plainly that they "cannot possibly say no", since they are worried it might be difficult for them to apply for leave if they do not accept their employers' demands. All this shows the urgency of standard working hours legislation and why there is no reason for dawdling.
In 2013, the government set up the Standard Working Hours Committee (SWHC), which once ignited the hopes of employees. But regrettably, representatives of employers kept objecting to any form of legislation on standard working hours. Representatives of employees, arguing that the government was on employers' side, boycotted the meetings. The final proposal is obviously slanted in the favour of the business sector. Under the plan approved by the Chief Executive-in-Council, employers will be obliged by the government to enter in contracts with employees of low social status earning not more than $11,000 a month. Under the so-called "contractual working hours" arrangement, the contract should detail specifics such as working hours, rest and overtime payments. However, the government will only compile guidelines for the working hours and overtime payment of several industries for the "reference" of employers, and those guidelines are not legally binding. The government will review the effectiveness of the measure two years later in order to study whether it is necessary to enact legislation on standard working hours.
The incumbent administration says that the effectiveness of contractual working hours will be evaluated two years later. Employers and employees, together with the government, will then decide whether to enact legislation on standard working hours. Such a suggestion is no different from passing the buck of standard working hours, a hot potato as it were, to the next administration. We can only hope that Carrie Lam, the Chief Executive-elect, will show her spine by initiating legislation on standard working hours instead of letting down working people again.
政府標時立法無期 欠打工仔一個公道
香港勞工權益保障不足,落後全球發達地區,現屆政府研究標準工時問題多時,最終結果卻叫廣大打工仔失望。政府僅提出以「合約工時」處理低收入僱員「有開工冇收工」、「有超時冇補水」的情况,是否就標準工時立法,留待兩年後再「研究」。
要求合理工時,並非什麼奢求,而是非常基本的勞工保障,早在19世紀,歐美工人便由於不堪資本家剝削,走上街頭爭取每日8小時工作制。目前全球逾80個國家有法例規管工時,當中既有發達工業國家,亦有以農業為主的國家,香港在這方面實在落後得離譜。香港是全球工時最長地區之一,低技術基層工人情况尤其嚴重,長工時問題持續惡化。2015年全港約300萬打工仔每周工時中位數為44.5小時,遠超國際勞工組織建議的每周工時40小時。統計顯示,全港有6.57萬名僱員每周工作長達72小時或以上,若以每周工作6天計算,相當於每日返工12小時。打工仔身心透支,連基本休息時間也不夠,遑論與家人朋友共聚。與此同時,不少上班族對於被迫「無償加班」,以及公司要求放假期間上班,也相當無奈。有餐飲從業員便坦言「無法說不」,若不答應公司要求,擔心日後請假會有困難。凡此種種,都反映標準工時立法有迫切性,沒理由拖拖拉拉。
2013年,現屆政府成立標準工時委員會,一度為打工仔燃起希望,然而令人遺憾的是,資方代表一直反對以立法形式訂立標準工時,勞方質疑政府偏幫僱主,杯葛會議,最終得出來的方案,明顯向商界傾斜。根據行政長官會同行政會議通過的方案,政府將立法強制僱主與月薪不超過1.1萬元的基層員工簽訂合約,列明工時、休息及超時「補水」等安排,亦即所謂「合約工時」,惟當局只會為多個行業編制工時和補水指引,供僱主「參考」,有關指引並無約束力。兩年後政府會檢視成效,再研究是否需要就標準工時立法。
現屆政府表示,當局會在兩年後檢討合約工時方案的成效,再由勞資雙方和政府一起決定是否需要就標準工時立法。有關建議實際是將標時立法這個燙手山芋,交給下屆政府,唯盼候任特首林鄭月娥能展示應有的擔當,認真推動標時立法,勿再辜負打工仔期望。

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