2023年2月5日 星期日

導彈轟氣球騷一場 中美博弈揭新一頁

<轉載自202326 明報 社評>

中國氣球進入美國領空遭導彈擊落的國際大秀暫時落幕,美國無時無刻找機會令中國難堪的大片,相信今後幾年將會相繼上演。然而,中美之間「鬥而不破」的格局仍將維持,美國國務卿布林肯只是推遲訪華計劃,美國政客從國內政治出發,加油添醋興風作浪不在話下,但兩國官員終歸要有雙邊往來,在國際舞台上還是「低頭不見抬頭見」,雖然可能「火花」不斷,但作為政府官員,需要冷靜管控分歧,避免擦槍走火,而兩國應該不乏高人,能夠做到保持定力,減少誤判。

美國防部對氣球初時處之泰然 政治壓力升溫拜登才下令擊落

來自中國的一個氣球,漂洋過海13,000公里,初到阿拉斯加時沒有引起關注,直到蒙大拿州上空,恰逢美國國務卿布林肯即將啟程首訪北京,「突然」成為萬眾矚目,是否窺探了導彈發射井的機密先不說,美國指控中國「派遣」飛行物入侵美國領空,或許可以振振有詞。不過,中國外交部初而表示要調查,後來聲明這是民用氣球,而且是因不可抗力因素才誤闖美國,並罕有地表示「遺憾」。美國國防部官員表示,該氣球不會對美國的軍事及人身帶來威脅,總統拜登據此決定,不擊落氣球,隨即引起反對黨議員責難。白宮的解釋是,不希望跌落碎片為居民帶來風險,這是對國民負責任的做法云云。

然而,這枚流浪氣球橫跨整個北美洲後又遭大動干戈,軍方出動多架軍機,先在上空盤旋數圈,然後發射空對空導彈擊落氣球,海面上有戰艦和海岸巡邏隊戒備,還有蛙人打撈碎片,數個機場禁飛3個小時,各大電視台全程直播,視頻反覆播放,有關當局表示跌落的氣球碎片將被送到華盛頓分析,並呼籲居民不要撿走碎片做紀念品,一場海陸空、軍政民大秀在全美範圍內上演,儼如美國境內幾十年內最大的軍事行動,牽頭炒作的美國總統拜登表現出領袖風範,「我下令盡快擊落」。

舊時有「大炮打蚊子」形容小題大做,今有「火箭射氣球」作為政治炒作。這場政治秀花了不少工本,單是使用一枚AIM-9X響尾蛇導彈,花費約38萬美元(約296萬港元),其他軍機和軍艦運作成本不得而知。這麼大陣仗搞一場大秀,值得嗎?如何評估國民對政府印象的影響有待分析,是否能夠轉移國民對通脹飈升的關注,也難以估計,但美國媒體已經開始挖新聞,說美國仍然有很多地方在使用中國製流動電話基站,還有不少中國人在美國買房子買地,有線新聞網絡(CNN)還報道說中國政府利用商人和留學生為政府蒐集情報。由此激起美國的仇華情緒不說,起碼可以為國務卿布林肯延遲訪華決定合理化,甚至可以為新任眾議院議長麥卡錫可能竄訪台灣提供理由。

美國傳媒一致使用「間諜氣球」,但美國國防部發言人22日還在用高空監測氣球(high-altitude surveillance balloon ),並且透露,在特朗普總統任期內曾經多次發現過這類氣球(後來證實是3次)。美國軍方最初尋常處理,可能是認為,用氣球窺探情報效率不高,况且中國去年在軌衛星有500多顆,相對於美國2800顆可仍是小巫見大巫,但已經足夠「看到」全球每一個角落。至於這個氣球是否有刺探軍事情報裝置,軍方給拜登的建議是,擊落碎片風險大於氣球可能探測到軍事機密的可能,所以初時建議不予打擊,而最後拜登緣何改變初衷,現在碎片沉大西洋,氣球上是否有監控間諜裝置的疑竇,就「死無對證」。

中美關係從乒乓球到氣球 起伏跌宕不至於瀕臨崩盤

美國聯邦調查局分析氣球碎片後有何發現,尚待公布,但中國國防部已經發表聲明,指「美方動用武力襲擊我民用無人飛艇,保留使用必要手段處置類似情况的權利」。冤冤相報的種子已經埋下,今後中美兩國關係是否會出現劍拔弩張的局面,成為關注的重點。

中美之間全方位博弈,已成定局,但很難想像,世界第一和第二大經濟體,會因為一宗「氣球風波」而從此不相往來。單從經貿關係說,根據推算,去年中美貨物貿易達到7600億美元,可能又會破新紀錄。美國財政部長耶倫和中國副總理劉鶴上月18日在瑞士首次會晤,雖然雙方「坦誠」對質,但兩國官員為了解決問題而有會面的意願,國務卿布林肯單方面宣布要訪華,也說明兩國官員並非不可能坐在談判桌上討論,哪怕只是為了管控分歧而尋求避免事態輕易惡化的可能。

這次美國採取武力手段解決「氣球風波」,究竟是出於國內政治壓力還是美國政府對華關係轉向,尚待觀察。布林肯以所謂中國蓄意破壞美國國家安全為由推遲訪華行程,「小動作」有點難看,但美國國內仍然有清醒的「高人」,希望為中美兩國惡劣關係降溫,與政客推波阻攔的行徑大相逕庭。中國政府則呼籲美方面對意外情况,雙方要保持定力,及時溝通,避免誤判。而中國的網民也應該克制,不要隨意發表火上澆油的言論。中美關係近半個世紀,從乒乓球到氣球,雖有起伏,但還不至於達到崩盤邊緣。

The Chinese Balloon Saga

The international saga of a Chinese balloon entering US airspace and being shot down by a missile has drawn to a close for now.

The balloon from China, which travelled 13,000 kilometres across the ocean, did not attract much attention when first arriving in Alaska. It was not until the balloon flew over Montana, which coincided with the eve of US Secretary of State Antony Blinken's first visit to Beijing, did it "suddenly" land in the spotlight. Putting aside whether the balloon has spied on the secrets of missile silos, the US has accused China of "dispatching" a flying object to intrude US airspace.

However, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs had said that it would investigate the matter at first, before stating that the balloon was a civilian one that had entered the US by mistake due to force majeure. In a rare gesture, it also expressed "regret". US Department of Defence officials stated that the balloon would not pose threats to the US military or to public safety. Based on this evaluation, President Joe Biden decided not to shoot down the balloon, drawing criticism immediately from opposition lawmakers. The White House explained that it did not want falling debris to bring risks to residents, saying that it was the responsible thing to do for the US people.

However, after the stray balloon crossed the entire North America, a flurry of military operations followed. The military dispatched a number of military planes, which spiralled several times in the sky before firing an air-to-air missile to shoot down the balloon. Over the sea, warships and coast guards were on alert. Frogmen were salvaging the debris, and planes were grounded in several airports for three hours. Major TV stations covered the entire affair live, and there were endless loops of the videos in the media. The authorities in concern noted that fragments from the fallen balloon would be sent to Washington for analysis, and urged residents not to pick them up as souvenirs.

While all US media call it a "spy balloon", the US Department of Defence spokesperson still phrased it as a "high-altitude surveillance balloon" on 2 February, also disclosing that such balloons had been spotted many times (later confirmed to be three times) during Donald Trump's presidency. The US military initially dealt with it in a normal manner, possibly because of their belief that balloons are not efficient for espionage. Furthermore, China had more than 500 satellites in orbit last year. Though this is a small number compared with the US's 2,800, they are enough for China to "see" every corner of the world. As for whether the balloon had devices for gathering military intelligence, the military's suggestion to Biden was that the risk of debris from shooting it down weighed greater than the likelihood of the balloon detecting military secrets. This was why the initial advice was against shooting the balloon down.

It remains to be seen whether the US's use of force to resolve the "balloon saga" was due to domestic political pressure or the US government's changing approach towards China. The Chinese government has called on both sides to stay composed and communicate in a timely manner to avoid misjudgment in the face of an accidental situation in the US. Chinese netizens should also exercise restraint and make no negligent comment that adds fuel to the fire. From ping-pong diplomacy to the balloon saga, Sino-US relations have seen ups and downs over the past half-century, but they have not reached the brink of a free fall.

導彈轟氣球騷一場 中美博弈揭新一頁

中國氣球進入美國領空遭導彈擊落的國際大秀暫時落幕。

來自中國的一個氣球,漂洋過海13,000公里,初到阿拉斯加時沒有引起關注,直到蒙大拿州上空,恰逢美國國務卿布林肯即將啟程首訪北京,「突然」成為萬眾矚目,是否窺探了導彈發射井的機密先不說,美國指控中國「派遣」飛行物入侵美國領空。

不過,中國外交部初而表示要調查,後來聲明這是民用氣球,而且是因不可抗力因素才誤闖美國,並罕有地表示「遺憾」。美國國防部官員表示,該氣球不會對美國的軍事及人身帶來威脅,總統拜登據此決定,不擊落氣球,隨即引起反對黨議員責難。白宮的解釋是,不希望跌落碎片為居民帶來風險,這是對國民負責任的做法云云。

然而,這枚流浪氣球橫跨整個北美洲後又遭大動干戈,軍方出動多架軍機,先在上空盤旋數圈,然後發射空對空導彈擊落氣球,海面上有戰艦和海岸巡邏隊戒備,還有蛙人打撈碎片,數個機場禁飛3個小時,各大電視台全程直播,視頻反覆播放,有關當局表示跌落的氣球碎片將被送到華盛頓分析,並呼籲居民不要撿走碎片做紀念品。

美國傳媒一致使用「間諜氣球」,但美國國防部發言人22日還在用高空監測氣球(high-altitude surveillance balloon),並且透露,在特朗普總統任期內曾經多次發現過這類氣球(後來證實是3次)。美國軍方最初尋常處理,可能是認為,用氣球窺探情報效率不高,况且中國去年在軌衛星有500多顆,相對於美國2800顆可仍是小巫見大巫,但已經足夠「看到」全球每一個角落。至於這個氣球是否有刺探軍事情報裝置,軍方給拜登的建議是,擊落碎片風險大於氣球可能探測到軍事機密的可能,所以初時建議不予打擊。

這次美國採取武力手段解決「氣球風波」,究竟是出於國內政治壓力還是美國政府對華關係轉向,尚待觀察。中國政府則呼籲美方面對意外情况,雙方要保持定力,及時溝通,避免誤判。而中國的網民也應該克制,不要隨意發表火上澆油的言論。中美關係近半個世紀,從乒乓球到氣球,雖有起伏,但還不至於達到崩盤邊緣。

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