2020年4月21日 星期二

治港漸變唯權力論 一國兩制所為何來

<轉載自2020421 明報 社評>

中聯辦批評立法會部分議員「 政治攬炒」,牽扯出中聯辦在港角色地位以至一國兩制等問題。中聯辦與國務院港澳辦,是中央授權處理香港事務的機關,《基本法》第22條提及「中央人民政府所屬各部門,不得干預香港事務」,是否適用於「兩辦」,各方認知不一,圍繞法律觀點的爭拗,若要一錘定音,最終結局相信是人大釋法。今次事件牽涉政治問題多於法律問題,真正焦點不在基本法第22條,而是監督權行使。中央對香港有監督權,至於中聯辦是否有此權力,過去未見相關說法。中央香港關係緊繃,中央覺得需要擴大「一國」權力應對新形勢,然而世事往往一法立一弊生,中央具體落實全面管治權,由中聯辦行使監督權,會否衍生更多新問題新狀况,同樣令人關注。

中聯辦代行監督權 解讀22條各執一詞

立法會內務委員會拖了半年仍未選出主席,立法會運作近乎癱瘓;政府第二輪抗疫基金千億元撥款急需立法會盡快通過,部分民主派議員拒絕合作,財委會未能如政府所願於一天內通過撥款。中聯辦和國務院港澳辦開腔,譴責部分立法會議員惡意拉布「政治攬炒」,置社會整體利益於不顧。民主派指中聯辦干預香港事務,違反基本法第22條。中聯辦反駁,「兩辦」不屬於22條所指的「中央人民政府所屬各部門」,有權代表中央對港行使監督權。上周末政府發稿回應事件,說法一時一樣,需要三度發稿修正,添煩添亂。

基本法第22條有5條款,主要是限制中央政府所屬各部門、省市機構不能干預香港事務。有本地法律學者認為既然條文寫的是中央「各部門」,當然適用於「兩辦」,有人還援引2007年政府提交立法會的文件稱,「基本法第22條下中央在港設立的機構」包括中聯辦。 基本法委員會成員、本港法律學者陳弘毅則說,中聯辦回歸前便以新華社香港分社身分在港設立,並非根據基本法成立,第22條提及的「中央各部門」,不是指中央在香港成立的機構,而是「中央部門」,諸如國務院26個部門。
中央駐港機構有三,包括駐港解放軍、外交部駐港特派員公署及中聯辦。前兩者分別在基本法第1314條註明,政府新聞稿一度以第22條作為兩者的法律依據,屬於嚴重錯誤。中聯辦的設立及角色,基本法沒有觸及。新華社香港分社1947年成立,以內地駐港最高代表機構身分,履行「中央賦予的各項職責」,香港回歸後改名中聯辦。根據當年國務院文件,中聯辦職責包括「承辦中央政府交辦的其他事項」,文件強調中聯辦及其人員要遵守基本法及當地法律,但沒有提及基本法22條。「兩辦」的成立遠早於基本法,屬於國家行為,各有歷史背景,至於基本法22條是否適用於「兩辦」,則從未說明,不同人有不同解讀,若要就法律觀點一錘定音,按現有機制「終點」幾可肯定是人大釋法,然而細察這次爭議的本質,更大程度是政治而非法律問題,真正焦點不在基本法22條,而是監督權的行使。

中央對香港有監督權,見諸很多方面,特首定期赴京述職是其一;基本法提到,立法會制定的法律,須報全國人大備案,人大常委會若認為不符合基本法有關中央香港關係條款,可以發回相關法律,這亦是中央監督權的體現,監督對象不獨是特首及政治任命官員。立法會內會主席選舉拉布半年,大量法案積壓不能處理,已惡化至癱瘓立法會層次,觸及基本法實施,中央關注無可厚非,然而由中聯辦代表中央行使監督權,以往從未有相關說法及具體操作。事件反映中央調整對港事務處理,中聯辦角色再起變化。

中央擴大「一國」權力 政治死結仍待緩解

香港回歸初期,中央「無為而治」,2003年反對23條立法一役後,中央改採「不干預但有所作為」的新政策, 維護「一國」原則,中聯辦角色強化。2014年政改爭議,國務院白皮書強調中央對港擁有「全面管治權」,成為重要分水嶺。中央強調香港高度自治不是完全自治,然而如何落實全面管治權,中央並無明言,落實機制亦不清楚。去年反修例風暴,香港與中央走向攤牌,今年初中央重組處理香港事務班子及架構,中聯辦代表中央行使監督權,顯示是中央因應新形勢的一個安排。

中央對香港有監督權,但是具體如何操作,存在大量灰色地帶。立法會癱瘓是重大憲政問題,中聯辦開腔批評, 有人認為只是意見表達、並無阻止議員繼續拉布,有人則質疑是干預立法會運作。香港政治撕裂,中聯辦這次做法是否合度,言人人殊。由於香港沒有剩餘權力,中央透過中聯辦去體現監督權,涵蓋面有多闊、力度有多大,現階段無法斷言。中央認為有必要擴大「一國」權力,處理香港新形勢,然而監督權的具體操作行使,可能衍生更多新問題新狀况。一法立一弊生,當下香港一國兩制實踐出了狀况,政治對抗愈演愈烈,各方似乎都認為只要手握更多權力,就能令對手屈服,可是唯權力論只會令香港的政治死結愈拉愈緊。一國兩制要行穩致遠,無論中央和香港各派都要思考,如何緩解政治對立緊張關係。

Belief that ''only power matters'' is no help to deadlock

THE ACCUSATION by the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong that some lawmakers are playing ''scorched-earth politics'' has triggered a row over the status of the liaison office in the city as well as the ''One country, two systems'' principle. The liaison office and the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council (HKMAO) are both agencies authorised by the central government to handle Hong Kong affairs. Article 22 of the Basic Law stipulates that ''no department'' of the central government may interfere in the internal affairs of Hong Kong, but regarding whether the article applies to ''the two offices'' (the liaison office and HKMAO), different sides have different interpretations. A final say on the dispute over all the different legal viewpoints may ultimately require an interpretation by the National People's Congress. In fact, the row is about political questions rather than legal questions. The real focus is not Article 22 of the Basic Law, but the exercise of supervisory power. Although the central government has supervisory power over Hong Kong, in the past no words were said about whether the liaison office was also entitled to such power. Amid high tension between Beijing and Hong Kong, the central authorities may feel it necessary to expand their ''one country'' power to cope with the latest situation. However, every new rule introduced always comes with a demerit. Whether the concrete implementation of overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong by the central authorities or the exercise of supervisory power by the liaison office will give rise to new problems and circumstances will be a cause for concern.

The functioning of the Legislative Council has nearly been paralysed due to the delay in electing the Legco House Committee's chairperson for half a year. Voicing their opinions, Beijing's liaison office and the HKMAO condemned some lawmakers for malicious filibustering and playing ''scorched-earth politics'', an act that disregards the overall interests of society. The pan-democratic camp said the liaison office had, in violation of Article 22 of the Basic Law, interfered in the city's affairs. But the liaison office refuted that by saying that ''the two offices'' do not belong to the category of ''departments of the Central People's Government'' mentioned in Article 22 and they have the right to represent the central authorities in exercising supervisory power over Hong Kong. Last weekend, the Hong Kong government released statements to comment on the matter but was found flip-flopping. In the end, it took the government three press releases to revise its stance, causing even more problems and confusion.

The Basic Law does not touch upon the establishment of the liaison office and its role. But if the essence of the dispute is closely examined, one will find that to a greater extent it is a political problem rather than a legal one. The real focus is not on Article 22 of the Basic Law, but the exercise of supervisory power. During a row over electoral reform, the State Council published a white paper in 2014 emphasising that the central government exercises ''overall jurisdiction'' over Hong Kong. At that time the central authorities stressed that the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by Hong Kong does not mean complete autonomy. But how they will fully exercise overall jurisdiction has never been stated clearly. Nor has the mechanism of implementation been clear. After Hong Kong and Beijing came to a showdown during last year's storm over the amendments to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance, the central authorities reshuffled their Hong Kong affairs cadre and set-up at the beginning of this year. Apparently, Beijing is entrusting the liaison office with supervisory power in accordance with the latest situation.

Beijing seems to think that the power of ''one country'' must be expanded in order to deal with the new situation in Hong Kong. However, when it comes to exercising supervisory power, new problems and circumstances may arise. Every new rule introduced always comes with a demerit. At present, the implementation of ''One country, two systems'' has met with problems in Hong Kong. As political confrontation intensifies, it seems that all parties believe in bringing the other side to heel by absorbing more power. However, the belief that only power matters will only further tighten Hong Kong's political deadlock. To ensure the smooth and long-term successful practice of the ''One country, two systems'' policy, both the central authorities and all parties of Hong Kong must think about how to ease political tension between the two areas.

治港漸變唯權力論 一國兩制所為何來

中聯辦批評立法會部分議員「政治攬炒」,牽扯出中聯辦在港角色地位以至一國兩制等問題。中聯辦與國務院港澳辦,是中央授權處理香港事務的機關,《基本法》第22條提及「中央人民政府所屬各部門,不得干預香港事務」,是否適用於「兩辦」,各方認知不一,圍繞法律觀點的爭拗,若要一錘定音,最終結局相信是人大釋法。今次事件牽涉政治問題多於法律問題,真正焦點不在基本法第22條,而是監督權行使。中央對香港有監督權,至於中聯辦是否有此權力,過去未見相關說法。中央香港關係緊繃,中央覺得需要擴大「一國」權力應對新形勢,然而世事往往一法立一弊生,中央具體落實全面管治權,由中聯辦行使監督權,會否衍生更多新問題新狀况,同樣令人關注。

立法會內務委員會拖了半年仍未選出主席,立法會運作近乎癱瘓。中聯辦和國務院港澳辦開腔,譴責部分立法會議員惡意拉布「政治攬炒」,置社會整體利益於不顧。民主派指中聯辦干預香港事務,違反基本法第22條。中聯辦反駁,「兩辦」不屬於22條所指的「中央人民政府所屬各部門」,有權代表中央對港行使監督權。上周末政府發稿回應事件,說法一時一樣,需要三度發稿修正,添煩添亂。

中聯辦的設立及角色,基本法沒有觸及。然而細察這次爭議的本質,更大程度是政治而非法律問題,真正焦點不在基本法22條,而是監督權的行使。2014年政改爭議,國務院白皮書強調中央對港擁有「全面管治權」。中央強調香港高度自治不是完全自治,然而如何落實全面管治權,中央並無明言,落實機制亦不清楚。去年反修例風暴,香港與中央走向攤牌,今年初中央重組處理香港事務班子及架構,中聯辦代表中央行使監督權,顯示是中央因應新形勢的一個安排。

中央認為有必要擴大「一國」權力,處理香港新形勢,然而監督權的具體操作行使,可能衍生更多新問題新狀况。一法立一弊生,當下香港一國兩制實踐出了狀况,政治對抗愈演愈烈,各方似乎都認為只要手握更多權力,就能令對手屈服,可是唯權力論只會令香港的政治死結愈拉愈緊。一國兩制要行穩致遠,無論中央和香港各派都要思考,如何緩解政治對立緊張關係。

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