2015年8月6日 星期四

年輕人沮喪 香港不會好

<轉載自201586 明報 社評>
本港樓價,早已脫離一般打工仔的負擔能力。有研究機構曾以港人辛勤工作,不吃不喝15年、20年才可以買到約400平方呎的單位,比擬香港樓價之荒謬。近期,新世紀論壇和新青年論壇根據統計數據,比對19932013年之間世代收入與樓價指數的變化,顯示樓價升幅遠高於年輕大學生畢業後工作收入的升幅,而且呈現愈年輕世代的起薪愈低、向上流速度愈慢的現象。若年輕人感到安居樂業竟然是那麼遙遠,萌生的逆反心理對社會的衝擊就會非同小可。去年的佔領運動以年輕人為主力,催動他們抗爭的動力和原因,或許還需學術研究才可確定;我們認為,他們在社會上掙扎打拼的無力感,是不應忽略的角度。
收入下跌樓價飈升 大學生難樂業置業
這項研究以每5年為一代,發現愈年輕世代大學畢業生,扣除通脹因素之後,起薪點愈低。按中位數計算,第二代(196973年出生)起薪點有 13,158元,到第六代(198993年出生)只有 10,860元;第六代起薪點較第二代低17%19932013年間,香港經濟持續發展,各方人等理應分享到發展成果,但是不少大學畢業生初任職的行業工種,薪金實額較20多年前猶有不如,這已非什麼新聞,傳媒行業就是一例。
對年輕人而言,這是十分沮喪的現實。現在不少大學畢業生,雖然找到工作,但是薪金微薄,他們除了與父母同住,毋須雙親繼續資助,已經被認為是「生性一族」。至於老一輩所謂「兒女出身,可以享福了」的想法,是太奢侈了,不少父母連想也不敢想,只求子女大學畢業之後,「生生性性」,於願足矣。不過,年輕人即使願意捱,擺在他們面前的是一幅怎樣的景象?實况是進一步沮喪。
一般人視2029歲,以及3034歲兩個年齡組別為「當打」年齡,此階段大多興起置業念頭,皆因工作了一段日子後,進入收入高增長期,應有一定置業能力,况且也屆適婚年齡。然而,根據上述研究,大學畢業生在「當打」年齡收入增長,以第三代(197478年出生)達53%為最高,第四代(197983年出生)已放緩至42%,不利於他們置業買樓。第六代(198993年出生)則未進入「當打」年齡,此一階段情况與他們無關。
更令新一代大學生沮喪的是,在19932013年之間,起薪點持續下跌,樓價指數和租金指數卻分別飈升了1.6倍和58%。研究發現他們在「當打」年齡的中位收入增幅,第一和第二代分別錄得56.6%和1.37倍的升幅,而第三和第四代中位收入經樓價指數調整卻不升反跌,分別下跌14.8%和17.1%。另外,若以新界小型住宅單位(約400方呎)平均呎價計算,於2013年比較各代大學生的收入,每方呎樓價等同第一代大學生收入的18.1%,而第二至第六代佔比則由19.3%,逐步遞增至25.7%、30.9%、45.4%和61.8%。即是說,愈遲畢業的大學生,置業負擔會愈沉重。
大學生世代工作收入中位數持續下降,並非最重要,若掙取的薪金購買力強勁,可以置業並過着較有尊嚴的生活,就無問題。本港的景况卻是大學畢業生集體收入下跌,物價特別是樓價卻飈升,對畢業了約10年的大學生來說,單憑打工,根本不可能實現置業安居之夢。另外,身處社會大醬缸、大熔爐,年輕一代看不到怎樣可以改變現狀,殘酷的現實會促使其中一些人努力拼搏,持續進修以掌握更多機會向上流,擺脫困境;只是,不能排除有更多人感到無力無助而怨懟現狀,若遇觸媒引爆,就會對社會構成一股負面力量。近年年輕人仇富、厭惡地產霸權、衝擊建制,相信都與他們不滿現狀的逆反心態有關。
專上學歷勞工倍增 知識型職位未適應
年輕人不滿現狀,無望置業安居只是苦果,導致他們陷於困境的,就本地因素而言,還有經濟發展缺乏新動力,大學畢業生數量增速高於技術職位數量增速,形成人力資源錯配等因素。回歸前後,無論是前朝港英政府或特區政府,都在推展專上教育,要把香港打造成為知識型社會;20多年來,大學學歷和大專學歷勞工確實以倍數增加了,但是與知識型社會相適應的工作,卻未見顯著增加。這些年來,除了金融業,工作機會較多的是旅遊與零售行業,然則這些行業工種是否需要那麼多大學畢業生?反而較配合知識型社會人力需求的創新科技,未見長足發展。
全球貿易自由化及勞動力市場開放,年輕人要與全球人才競爭,這個因素並非本港可以控制。但是,推動經濟建設,提供更多機會給本港年輕人一展拳腳,卻是政府的責任。因此,政府須在創新科技投入更多資源,為經濟發展創造新增長點,使年輕人可以把所學貢獻社會,推動社會進步的同時,自己則向上流動,形成良性循環,加上釋放土地的潛在能量,使本港有足夠可用土地興建房屋,則生活在這種狀態的年輕人,才會感覺到前景有希望。這番道理不難明白,只是香港仍然囿於政治爭拗,無法突破管治困局,即使知之也難行,這是最使人沮喪、無助無力之處。
HK won't fare well if young people are frustrated
PROPERTY PRICES in Hong Kong have long been such that no ordinary employees can afford them. According to some research organisations, to buy a flat of around 400 square feet, an ordinary Hong Kong citizen must work hard and abstain from eating and drinking for 15 or even 20 years. This illustrates how absurdly high property prices are in the SAR. The New Century Forum and the New Youth Forum have recently made use of statistics to compare income levels and property prices in the years between 1993 and 2013. Their study shows not only that property prices have risen much faster than fresh graduates' incomes but also that younger generations have earned lower incomes and had lower upward mobility.
In the study, a five-year period is regarded as a generation. It has been found that, after inflation has been factored in, younger generations of university graduates were paid lower starting salaries. For example, the median starting salary of the second generation of university graduates (born between 1969 and 1973) was $13,158, and that of the sixth generation of university graduates (born between 1989 and 1993) was just $10,860 - 17% lower than that of the second generation. Between 1993 and 2013, the Hong Kong economy did not stop growing. Employees of different sectors ought to have shared the fruit of economic development. However, many types of job taken up by fresh graduates now pay less in real terms than they did 20-odd years ago. This is hardly new and has happened in industries like the media.
To young people, this is a very frustrating reality. Many university graduates today have found employment, but they earn meagre salaries. Those who live with their parents but no longer need their support are now regarded as "good kids". Even more frustrating to the newer generations of university graduates is that, between 1993 and 2013, starting salaries kept falling, while the property price index and rent index soared 160% and 58% respectively.
That the median salary of university graduates is declining from generation to generation does not matter most. After all, if what university graduates earn went far and they were able to buy their own flats and to live decent lives, that would not be a problem. But what has happened in Hong Kong is that university graduates as a group have earned less and less, while prices (especially property prices) have kept rocketing. A person who graduated from university about ten years ago cannot possibly fulfil his dream of buying his own home if he remains an employee.
Thanks to the liberalisation of global trade and the labour market, young Hong Kong people now have to compete with people from around the world. This factor is beyond Hong Kong's control. However, it is the government's responsibility to promote economic development and provide young Hong Kong people with more opportunities so as to enable them to fulfil their aspirations. Therefore, the government should devote more resources to innovation and technology with a view to bringing about growth areas. Only if it does so can young people make use of what they have learnt to contribute to society, foster social progress and, at the same time, move up the social ladder. Only if such a virtuous circle is in place and the potential of Hong Kong's land reserves is tapped into in such a way that there is enough land for putting up housing will young Hong Kong people, stuck in the current predicament, feel hopeful about the future. This is not difficult to understand. However, Hong Kong being stuck in political arguments, the SAR government cannot extricate itself from the political impasse. What is obvious is hard to do. That, more than any other factor, makes one feel frustrated and hopeless.
年輕人沮喪 香港不會好
本港樓價,早已脫離一般打工仔的負擔能力。有研究機構曾以港人辛勤工作,不吃不喝15年、20年才可以買到約400平方呎的單位,比擬香港樓價之荒謬。近期,新世紀論壇和新青年論壇根據統計數據,比對19932013年之間世代收入與樓價指數的變化,顯示樓價升幅遠高於年輕大學生畢業後工作收入的升幅,而且呈現愈年輕世代的起薪愈低、向上流速度愈慢的現象。
這項研究以每5年為一代,發現愈年輕世代大學畢業生,扣除通脹因素之後,起薪點愈低。按中位數計算,第二代(196973年出生)起薪點有13,158元,到第六代(198993年出生)只有10,860元;第六代起薪點較第二代低17%19932013年間,香港經濟持續發展,各方人等理應分享到發展成果,但是不少大學畢業生初任職的行業工種,薪金實額較20多年前猶有不如,這已非什麼新聞,傳媒行業就是一例。
對年輕人而言,這是十分沮喪的現實。現在不少大學畢業生,雖然找到工作,但是薪金微薄,他們除了與父母同住,毋須雙親繼續資助,已經被認為是「生性一族」。更令新一代大學生沮喪的是,在19932013年之間,起薪點持續下跌,樓價指數和租金指數卻分別飈升了1.6倍和58%。
大學生世代工作收入中位數持續下降,並非最重要,若掙取的薪金購買力強勁,可以置業並過着較有尊嚴的生活,就無問題。本港的景况卻是大學畢業生集體收入下跌,物價特別是樓價卻飈升,對畢業了約10年的大學生來說,單憑打工,根本不可能實現置業安居之夢。
全球貿易自由化及勞動力市場開放,年輕人要與全球人才競爭,這個因素並非本港可以控制。但是,推動經濟建設,提供更多機會給本港年輕人一展拳腳,卻是政府的責任。因此,政府須在創新科技投入更多資源,為經濟發展創造新增長點,使年輕人可以把所學貢獻社會,推動社會進步的同時,自己則向上流動,形成良性循環,加上釋放土地的潛在能量,使本港有足夠可用土地興建房屋,則生活在這種狀態的年輕人,才會感覺到前景有希望。這番道理不難明白,只是香港仍然囿於政治爭拗,無法突破管治困局,即使知之也難行,這是最使人沮喪、無助無力之處。

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