2014年12月17日 星期三

土地從何而來 政府並無良方

<轉載自20141217 明報 社評>

政府調整未來10年房屋供應數量,由原來47萬個單位,增加至48萬個。供應隨實際需要增加,本來是政府的應有之義,可是由於政府仍未找到足夠土地實現已有規劃,則政府增加供應會否淪為「篤數」,就成為疑問。事實上,檢視政府可用土地匱乏景,加上開發土地興建樓房流程曠日持久,未來10年住宅單位供應能否達標,面臨嚴峻考驗。10年之後土地從何而來,更未見苗頭;若情無法根本扭轉,難望改善供需失衡情

單位供應量已偏緊 相應土地仍有缺口

昨日政府公布1998年以來首份長遠房屋策略文件,匡正回歸之後疏於規劃的弊端,對房屋政策發展有重要意義。文件從長遠房屋策略督導委員會建議的基礎上,10年內增加供應1萬個居屋單位,達到9萬個。政府投入更多資源興建居屋,是回應市民對居屋的渴求,不過未來10年供應量基本不變,總體供應仍處於偏緊狀態。

未來10年供應48萬個單位,公營和私營房屋比例為64,其中19萬個為私營單位,平均每年1.9萬個。這個數量與前任特首曾蔭權後期提出「每年2萬個單位土地供應」,略有遜色。當年曾蔭權構思的供應量,是參考過去10年成交量,可是當時本港正歷經亞洲金融風暴、科網股爆破、SARS肆虐,樓價大跌及成交量萎縮等,因此若視此為真實需求,難免出現偏差。若把參考成交量拉長至30年,則每年成交平均約3萬個單位,較能反映真實需求。另外,近年本港樓市,加上內地人士來港置業投資的因素,政府規劃供應的私營單位供應顯得更緊絀而非充裕。

回顧去年長策會的建議,約有10萬個單位的土地未有落。1年之後,政府調整單位供應量,不過29萬個公營單位之中,仍然約有3.6萬個未找到土地興建。也就是說,未來10年規劃的住宅單位,政府未有足夠土地對應,之後的情更不消提,長遠而言政府能否理順住屋需求,是一大疑問。

長遠房屋策略文件披露土地及房屋開發流程,包括規劃工程研究需時約3年,詳細設計研究約34年,地盤平整需23年,樓宇建設及基礎設施建設需時34年。就是說,歷經和完成開發流程,需時約1114年。嚴格而言,現在開始規劃土地房屋開發,其實是為了1114年之後的供應;目前連10年內的土地需求也未能滿足,那就更遑論長遠的日子了。

根據政府估計,到2030年本港需要4500公頃土地作居住、基建和經濟發展用途。透過收地(新界東北及洪水橋)、重建、改變土地用途、岩洞及石礦場用地等5種方法,只可提供約3000公頃土地,其餘1500公頃寄望填海造地。以目前的社會氛圍,能否在新界順利收地,存在不少變數;若有阻滯,土地供應就會打折扣。另外,政府提出的填海選址,即使能夠克服險阻而落實,但是所得土地只有600公頃,若遇反對而撤銷或被迫縮小規模,則差距就更大。2030年距今只有約15年,以目前港府之力量,社會各方對土地的開發使用各持己見或只顧一己私利、不循整體和長遠利益體待問題,未來景難以樂觀。

多個指標顯示 房策績效不彰

特首梁振英一度被認為是「房屋特首」,事實上在他就任後,土地和房屋供應是政府施政的重中之重;他雙管齊下,採取供應主導和需求管理,前者尋求長遠理順需求,後者應對樓價的不合理升浪。梁振英領導下,政府做了不少工夫,但是在缺乏土地和長期低息環境下,成效並不顯著。事實上,兩年半以來,香港居住問題未見改善,反而有惡化之勢。例如,今年統計處調查房數目,由去年估計約6萬個房戶,大幅增加至8.64萬戶;公屋輪候冊已經有超過26萬個登記,未來10年出租公屋每年平均落成2萬個單位,申請者上樓有望眼欲穿之嘆;另外,市區實用面積260多平方呎的蚊型新樓單位,售價超過450萬元。以這些數字檢視政府施政,成績不可能讓人滿意。

梁振英政府面對可用土地的困境,是政府中斷了10年土地開發的結果。梁振英和政府即使多努力,亦需較長時間證明政策奏效。不過,現在政府就土地開發以陣地戰方式與各方周旋,難有突破,政府應以釜底抽薪的勇氣和意志,尋求徹底解決之道。例如,政府以一籃子方式,促成社會就土地開發和供應開展一場大辯論,包括填海、撥出部分郊野公園土地作發展之用、規劃幾個新市鎮發展等。就土地怎樣使用,讓市民參與決定,以服膺香港的最大利益,改變土地使用成為少數人、特別是環保人士禁臠的現狀。長遠房屋策略揭示的土地情甚為嚴峻,必須以新思維尋求突破,才有望從根本上解決土地與住屋供應問題。
























香港近年家庭入息及房屋等數據。

Whence does land come?

THE GOVERNMENT has adjusted its housing target, saying that, in the next decade, housing supply should be 480,000 units instead of 470,000 units. As there is a lack of usable land and it takes time to open up land for housing, the government is faced with a severe test in attempting to meet its ten-year housing supply target.

It is the government's estimation that, by 2030, 4,500 hectares of land will be needed for housing, infrastructure development and economic development in Hong Kong. Only about 3,000 hectares of land can be obtained by resumption (in Northeast New Territories and Hung Shui Kiu), redevelopment, rezoning and making use of caverns and quarries. It is hoped that the remaining 1,500 hectares can be obtained by reclamation. Given the prevailing atmosphere in the SAR, it is quite uncertain whether land can be resumed in the New Territories without a hitch. If this is held up, land supply will fall short of the target. Furthermore, the government has plans to carry out reclamation at several locations. Even if they are carried out despite dangers and difficulties, only 600 hectares of land can be made. If they have to be abandoned or scaled down because of objections, the shortfall will be even greater. 2030 is only fifteen years from now. Given the SAR government's clout and the fact that, when it comes to land use, people stick to their guns and have regard to their own interests instead of the overall, long-term interests, one can hardly be optimistic about the situation.

Leung Chun-ying was once regarded as a "housing Chief Executive". In fact, since he took office, it has been the most important of government policies to straighten out land and housing supply. Under his leadership, the government has done much. However, because there is a lack of land and interest rates have long been low, its efforts have not proved markedly fruitful. Over the past two and a half years, the housing situation in Hong Kong has not improved. It has instead tended to worsen. For example, surveys by the Census and Statistics Department reveal that the number of households living in subdivided units (which was 60,000 last year) has now sharply risen to 86,400. Over 260,000 public rental housing (PRH) applicants have registered on the Waiting List. As on average only 20,000 PRH units will be completed a year in the next decade, PRH applicants can only look on with longing eyes. Furthermore, now a tiny new flat in an urban district whose saleable area is a little more than 260 square feet sells for more than $4.5 million. Judging from such figures, one cannot possibly say the government has achieved satisfactory results.

There is a lack of usable land. The Leung administration is faced with this difficulty because the government failed to open up land for a decade. However hard the Leung administration may try, it will take long to show its policy works. Now the SAR government deals with stakeholders about opening up land as if it were engaged in positional warfare, but it can hardly make a breakthrough this way. It ought to have the will and courage to seek to solve the problem once and for all by striking at the root of it. For example, it should proposed a basket of measures and urge society to have a general debate concerning land supply - about, for example, reclaiming land, taking land out of country parks for housing and making plans for a few new towns. Citizens should be allowed to take part in determining how land can be used in the best interests of Hong Kong. The issue of land use now seems exclusive to a small number of people and, in particular, green activists. This must no longer be the case. It is clear from the long-term housing strategy that the land situation in Hong Kong is extremely grim. The SAR government ought to try and make a breakthrough with new thinking. Only if it does so can it hope to solve the land and housing supply problem once and for all.

土地從何而來 政府並無良方

政府調整未來10年房屋供應數量,由原來47萬個單位,增加至48萬個。事實上,檢視政府可用土地匱乏景,加上開發土地興建樓房流程曠日持久,未來10年住宅單位供應能否達標,面臨嚴峻考驗。

根據政府估計,到2030年本港需要4500公頃土地作居住、基建和經濟發展用途。透過收地(新界東北及洪水橋)、重建、改變土地用途、岩洞及石礦場用地等方法,只可提供約3000公頃土地,其餘1500公頃寄望填海造地。以目前的社會氛圍,能否在新界順利收地,存在不少變數;若有阻滯,土地供應就會打折扣。另外,政府提出的填海選址,即使能夠克服險阻而落實,但是所得土地只有600公頃,若遇反對而撤銷或被迫縮小規模,則差距就更大。2030年距今只有約15年,以目前港府之力量,社會各方對土地的開發使用各持己見或只顧一己私利、不循整體和長遠利益體待問題,未來景難以樂觀。

特首梁振英一度被認為是「房屋特首」,事實上在他就任後,土地和房屋供應是政府施政的重中之重。梁振英領導下,政府做了不少工夫,但是在缺乏土地和長期低息環境下,成效並不顯著。事實上,兩年半以來,香港居住問題未見改善,反而有惡化之勢。例如,今年統計處調查房數目,由去年估計約6萬個房戶,大幅增加至8.64萬戶;公屋輪候冊已經有超過26萬個登記,未來10年出租公屋每年平均落成2萬個單位,申請者上樓有望眼欲穿之嘆;另外,市區實用面積260多平方呎的蚊型新樓單位,售價超過450萬元。以這些數字檢視政府施政,成績不可能讓人滿意。


梁振英政府面對可用土地的困境,是政府中斷了10年土地開發的結果。政府即使多努力,亦需較長時間證明政策奏效。不過,現在政府就土地開發以陣地戰方式與各方周旋,難有突破,政府應以釜底抽薪的勇氣和意志,尋求徹底解決之道。例如,政府以一籃子方式,促成社會就土地開發和供應開展一場大辯論,包括填海、撥出部分郊野公園土地作發展之用、規劃幾個新市鎮發展等。就土地怎樣使用,讓市民參與決定,以服膺香港的最大利益,改變土地使用成為少數人、特別是環保人士禁臠的現狀。長遠房屋策略揭示的土地情甚為嚴峻,必須以新思維尋求突破,才有望從根本上解決土地與住屋供應問題。

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