2014年12月10日 星期三

港人蝸居價貴住得苦 釋放土地才有望紓解

<轉載自20141210 明報 社評>

《明報》接連兩周推出「深度報道——樓市怪象」系列,以房屋居住為專題,把港人居住面積、本港物業總值,與鄰近或主要城市比較。從數字上看,本港樓市折射出來的畸形程度,近乎荒謬;以本港人均生產總值超過4萬美元的高度經濟發展,人均居住質素那麼低,而物業所代表的財富卻那麼高,完全不成比例。大批年輕人最近走上街頭參加佔領運動,爭取民主普選,顯然只是觸發點,他們對現狀不滿、對置業安居絕望,相信也是原因之一。港人若不能從居住的枷鎖解放出來,香港社會的不安與躁動將會持續難息。

人均居住面積叨陪末座 物業總值可購3個紐約市

上周三的「深度報道」就港人每戶平均居住面積,與新加坡、首爾、東京、上海和台北比較,發現本港叨陪末座,人均只有約160平方呎;這是1990年代的數字,也就是說,這20年來港人的居住質素停滯不前。上海在1990年是96呎,現在人均居住面積360呎,遠遠拋離香港。再以首爾為例,城市面積未及香港六成,人口達1044萬,但是首爾居民平均每戶2.5人,居住面積63平方米;香港平均每戶2.9人,每戶平均面積只有43.5平方米,僅及首爾的一半多一點。港人居住環境之侷促,可見一斑。

港人居住空間狹小,若居住負擔相應減輕,則心理上可能較平衡一點,問題是港人的蝸居價格,卻冠絕這些城市。今日的「深度報道」(刊A1213)比較了本港與紐約市(New York City)、新加坡的物業總值,2014年本港物業總市值約20.6萬億元,紐約市及新加坡分別為6.7萬億元與7.8萬億元。即是說,本港物業市值是紐約市的3倍、新加坡的兩倍半。如果變賣了香港物業,可以購買3個紐約市的物業,確實很誇張。若人人都置業安居,樓價的紙上富貴,某一程度可讓人麻醉,可是本港盡多無殼一族望樓興嘆,樓價早已脫離他們可負擔的程度;正常情況下,年輕人憑一己之力,難以置業安居、成家立室。

以公營機構房協近期推售長沙灣的樓花盤喜盈為例,定價最低的一房單位,實用面積399呎,折實價468.4萬元;若購入自住,相信只有單身族或兩口之家才合用。根據最新統計數據,香港截至第二季的打工仔個人收入中位數約1.3萬元,不計外傭的家庭中位數收入約2.25萬元,則購入房協這個單位,就算只付三成首期也要儲有140.52萬元;如是一個中位收入的打工仔,不吃不喝也要儲9年才夠首期,如支出佔一半收入,就要18年才儲夠首期買樓。即是說,一對夫婦組成家庭,他們的收入是中位數2.25萬元,若也是花費一半支出,也要儲10年以上才夠付首期。這種情,年輕一代對前景不感到沮喪,才是咄咄怪事。

香港樓市近幾年狂颷,全球低息環境固然是因素之一,但本港樓市供應斷層,形成供需失衡,是樓價升的主要原因。前任特首曾蔭權由出任政務司長至特首約10年來,於土地儲備方面廣受指摘,土地與房屋供應基本上由發展商主導,終而形成現時樓市的特大泡沫;泡沫的爆破之日,香港經濟要付出多大代價?實在難以估量。任誰都知道,沒有只升不跌的樓市;升得愈高,必然跌得愈重,港人將要付出的代價,無疑是人禍所致。

梁振英接任特首之後,視土地房屋政策為重中之重,他以管理需求和增加供應兩招應對,只是沉痾太久,三兩年內不可能扭轉供應不足。此外,整體社會氛圍對梁振英擘劃大規模土地供應和儲備,也多所窒礙,形成樓市屢經治理,樓價則持續照升。現在呎價創新高已非新聞,這頭脫韁野馬,似乎只能讓牠跑至累死而已。

土地使用是政治問題 交全民討論公決

梁振英政府努力搜索土地,可是對土地房屋問題的認知,仍然停留在民生思維狀態。其實,土地房屋問題,以本港所處的特定時空,是徹頭徹尾的政治問題。政府推動新界東北發展、規劃填海所遇到的阻滯,充分說明單以民生訴求,難以說服反對力量,唯有循政治層面應對才有望收綱舉目張之效。過去,港英當局幾個階段的土地政策都有濃烈政治意涵,例如1960年代兩場暴動之後,大量興建公營房屋,以消解大量南來人口衍生的部分政治問題;1976年宣布推行居者有其屋計劃,目的為增加市民對社會的歸屬感;1989六四事件之後,推出逾千億元玫瑰園計劃,都是政治考量壓倒一切。

現在,社會對土地如何使用,七嘴八舌,言人人殊。本港不缺土地,政府更是最大地主,只是未能把部分土地從桎梏中解放出來。例如本港總面積約1104平方公里土地,用於住宅的土地只佔7%;只要住宅用地佔總面積增加一個百分點,就可以住100萬人,增加多至3個百分點,則港人居住面積就大一點,也並非不可實現的夢想。香港土地如何使用才符合最大利益,是全港市民的大事,不應該成為環保人士的禁臠。政府應該讓沉默的大多數有機會就此表達意見和抉擇,我們建議為此組織一次大辯論,讓全民充分參與,然後以全民公決方式反映意志,因為唯有這樣才可以徹底解決土地問題,使香港得以鬆綁。

Land must be freed

THIS NEWSPAPER has in two consecutive weeks published its "In-depth Report —Anomalous Property Market". In these reports about housing, living space and total property value in Hong Kong are compared with those in nearby or other major cities. Those figures show Hong Kong's property market is almost absurdly anomalous. In Hong Kong, a highly developed economy where per capita GDP exceeds US$40,000, the great wealth housing represents is out of all proportion to the poor per capita housing quality.

It is certainly a reason why property prices have kept soaring in Hong Kong that interest rates have been low in all parts of the world. However, the main reason is that flats have been in such short supply that there is a serious supply-demand imbalance in the property market. In the decade when Donald Tsang was Chief Secretary for Administration or Chief Executive (CE), he was always under fire from all quarters about land reserve, and it was basically developers that controlled land supply and housing supply. As a result, a particularly huge property bubble has come into being. What price must the Hong Kong economy pay when it bursts? That is indeed hard to estimate. Everybody knows it is impossible for property prices just to keep going up. The higher they are, the more sharply they will fall. It is doubtless because of a man-made calamity that Hong Kong people will have to pay dearly.

Since he took over as CE, Leung Chun-ying has regarded his housing policy as most important. He has tried to tackle the problem by managing demand and increasing supply. However, it is so deep-seated that it is impossible to make supply adequate in a couple of years. Furthermore, the overall atmosphere in the SAR is such that Leung has been impeded in making ambitious plans to increase land supply and land reserve. That is why property prices have kept going up despite the government's efforts to put the property market in order.

The Leung administration has tried hard to find land, but it still perceives problems concerning land and housing as matters concerning citizens' lives. As things now stand in the SAR, they are in fact altogether political. The government has encountered stiff resistance in carrying out its north-east New Territories development plan and its reclamation plan. That shows it is hard to convince opposers just with arguments about people's lives. Only if the government tackles those problems by political means can it hope to seize hold of the key link and let everything fall into place.

All now talk about how land should be used, and their views are all at variance. There is no lack of land in Hong Kong, and the government is the biggest landlord. However, it is not possible now to set some land free. Hong Kong is 1,104 square kilometres in area, and only 7% of its land is used for housing. If 1% more is used this way, one million people can be housed. If 3% more is used, it will not be an impossible dream for Hongkongers to have bigger living space. What way of using Hong Kong's land is in its best interests? This big question concerns all citizens. It is not exclusive to green activists. The government should allow those in the silent majority an opportunity to express their views. We suggest that a general debate be organised in which all may fully participate and then a plebiscite be held so that the public's wish can be identified, for only if this is done can the land problem be solved once and for all and can Hong Kong become unfettered.

港人蝸居價貴住得苦 釋放土地才有望紓解

《明報》接連兩周推出「深度報道——樓市怪象」系列,以房屋居住為專題,把港人居住面積、本港物業總值,與鄰近或主要城市比較。從數字上看,本港樓市折射出來的畸形程度,近乎荒謬;以本港人均生產總值超過4萬美元的高度經濟發展,人均居住質素那麼低,而物業所代表的財富卻那麼高,完全不成比例。

香港樓市近幾年狂,全球低息環境固然是因素之一,但本港樓市供應斷層,形成供需失衡,是樓價升的主要原因。前任特首曾蔭權由出任政務司長至特首約10年來,於土地儲備方面廣受指摘,土地與房屋供應基本上由發展商主導,終而形成現時樓市的特大泡沫;泡沫的爆破之日,香港經濟要付出多大代價?實在難以估量。任誰都知道,沒有只升不跌的樓市;升得愈高,必然跌得愈重,港人將要付出的代價,無疑是人禍所致。

梁振英接任特首之後,視土地房屋政策為重中之重,他以管理需求和增加供應兩招應對,只是沉痾太久,三兩年內不可能扭轉供應不足。此外,整體社會氛圍對梁振英擘劃大規模土地供應和儲備,也多所窒礙,形成樓市屢經治理,樓價則持續照升。

梁振英政府努力搜索土地,可是對土地房屋問題的認知,仍然停留在民生思維狀態。其實,土地房屋問題,以本港所處的特定時空,是徹頭徹尾的政治問題。政府推動新界東北發展、規劃填海所遇到的阻滯,充分說明單以民生訴求,難以說服反對力量,唯有循政治層面應對才有望收綱舉目張之效。


現在,社會對土地如何使用,七嘴八舌,人言人殊。本港不缺土地,政府更是最大地主,只是未能把部分土地從桎梏中解放出來。例如本港總面積約1104平方公里土地,用於住宅的土地只佔7%;只要住宅用地佔總面積增加一個百分點,就可以住100萬人,增加多至3個百分點,則港人居住面積就大一點,也並非不可實現的夢想。香港土地如何使用才符合最大利益,是全港市民的大事,不應該成為環保人士的禁臠。政府應該讓沉默的大多數有機會就此表達意見和抉擇,我們建議為此組織一次大辯論,讓全民充分參與,然後以全民公決方式反映意志,因為唯有這樣才可以徹底解決土地問題,使香港得以鬆綁。

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