2023年4月26日 星期三

社評:區議會改制去政治化 非政權組織不宜封閉

<轉載自2023427 明報 社評>

政府即將完成地方行政檢討,區議會將保留,但要回復《基本法》列明的「非政權區域諮詢組織」定位,產生方法亦將改變。反修例風暴後,中央落實愛國者治港,區議會要專注民生,政治化是死胡同,與此同時,區議會作為反映地方居民意見的組織,開放性愈高,愈能反映社會多元多樣。選舉政治有時可以變得民粹和極端,但不應因此抹殺選舉問責、選民監督的作用,公眾參與度愈高愈好,區議會直選成分不宜大幅壓縮。區議會的權力與規模,過去數十年持續擴大,倘若當局打算削減區議會的職能、權力及直選議席,是否還有必要維持現在的規模、耗用那麼多的公帑與津貼,值得商榷。

糾正昔日區會亂象 不必大減民選成分

現屆區議會任期今年底結束,政府檢討區議會組成及功能,已接近尾聲。行政長官李家超日前表示,區議會值得保留,來屆議席與現屆相若,區議員薪津不變,不過產生方法要改變,議員會以「多種方式」產生,同時將「保留一定選舉成分」,外界解讀是未來區議會將恢復委任制,至於具體安排為何,有待當局公布,李家超談的主要是一些大原則,包括:1)要將國家安全放在首位,區議會要去政治化,回到《基本法》第97條所提及的「非政權性區域諮詢組織」屬性;2)地區治理須由愛國者掌握,確保特區有效管治;3)強化地區治理架構,體現行政主導,加強地區動員能力。

首屆區議會1982年由民選、委任、當然和官守議員組成,40多年間,無論角色、職能及權力,都在不斷演變。論構成,大方向是民選議席比例持續增加,官守議席只維持很短時間,至於委任議員,儘管回歸前後出現轉折,但2016年,區議會委任議席亦全數取消,只保留27名當然議員。論角色職能,區議會的「非政權區域諮詢組織」憲制定位,雖然從未改變,但實權持續擴大。2010年政改方案,立法會增加5個「超級區議會」議席,由區議員選出,另外又賦權區議會推選117名選委會成員,標誌區議員有了選舉立法會議員及行政長官的政治權力;地區事務方面,特區政府下放權力,讓區議會自行處理一些地區小型工程項目,亦令區議會握有更多資源運用的實權。

當然,這些年來,區議員們有否好好運用這些權力,則是另一回事。2010年代,香港社會變得高度政治化,區議會成為政治鬥爭的戰場,現屆區議會於反修例風暴高峰期選出,政治化情况更一度推到極致,區議員會上集體唱帶有港獨色彩的反修例歌曲,有區議員借出辦事處舉行民主派初選,又支持政治攬炒。民生事務方面,過去十年八載,一些由區議會推動的地區工程項目,都被批評是「小白象」亂花錢,「不能避雨亭」、「阻街石墩」等更淪為笑柄。另外,政黨政客為了選票,將地區小我利益置於社會大我之先,也是屢見不鮮,反對馬料水填海以免影響對岸私人屋苑景觀,正是一例。檢討地方行政改革區議會,有其合理性,問題是怎樣改。

反修例風暴後,中央落實愛國者治港,不容反中亂港、宣揚港獨的人進入政治體制之內。即使區議會只屬非政權區域諮詢組織,但始終是體制一環,選舉制度修改,不會只觸及選委會、立法會及行政長官,而不及區議會。可以相信,日後有意循直選方式角逐區議會的參選人,將跟立法會參選人一樣,需要通過資格審查,另外還有宣誓制度及DQ (取消資格)機制。問題是既然有了這些機制確保區議員愛國愛港,是否一定要大幅減少民選議席。

世上沒有完美的制度,選舉制度亦然。近十年八載,右翼民粹主義抬頭、政治極端化加劇社會撕裂對立,在世界各地屢見不鮮,然而不應因此抹殺選舉一個最關鍵的功能,也就是讓選民可以運用選票,將表現不稱職的民意代表撤換,從而體現監督與問責。區議會職責是反映地區居民意見,雖然民意表達方式不一而足,但直接選舉肯定是其中一個開放度最高、最能體現問責精神的方法。香港是多元社會,中央修改立法會選舉制度時,強調無意搞清一色,既然區議會要「回歸基本」,作為只具諮詢功能的非政權組織,無論開放度還是公眾參與度,應該愈高愈好。就算當局真的認為,有必要因應過去幾年狀况,減少直選成分、防止政治極端化,民選席位比例亦不宜降至五成以下。

區會角色職能若大削 議員人數薪津應調整

過去兩年的政治及選舉制度變化,已經大大強化特區行政主導能力,只要當局敢於向既得利益說不,絕對有能力避免小我利益凌駕大我。未來區議會的職能,細節有待揭盅,其中一個需要處理的問題,是如何避免與關愛隊、分區委員會等組織的功能重疊,倘若改制後的區議會職能大幅減少,部分地區工作跟關愛隊重疊,民選成分又低,這樣的區議會,是否還有必要維持現有規模,值得商榷。過去數十年,區議會規模不斷擴大,政府為區議員所提供的薪津亦水船漲高,一大原因是很多區議員都是全職議員、全職從政。倘若未來的區議員,變成以兼職及委任為主,市民必然會問,繼續花這麼多公帑於數百名區議員身上,是否物有所值。

District Councils Should Not Become A Black Box

The term of office of the current district councils will conclude at the end of this year, and the government's review of their composition and functions is also coming to a close. Chief Executive John Lee recently stated that district councils are worth keeping. The number of seats in the next session will be similar to the current one, with the salary and allowances of councillors remaining the same, but the method for their selection will be changed into "multiple ways" while "certain electoral elements will be retained", he said.

Observers have interpreted this as the resumption of an appointment system for future district councils. It remains for the authorities to announce the specific arrangements. John Lee mainly talked about guiding principles, including: 1) national security should be the top priority, so district councils should be depoliticised and should revert to one of the "district organisations which are not organs of political power... to be consulted by the government" as stipulated in Article 97 of the Basic Law; 2) district governance must be in the hands of patriots to ensure the effective governance of the SAR; 3) the structure for district governance must be strengthened to reflect the executive-led system and improve district mobilisation capabilities.

The first district boards in 1982 were composed of elected, appointed, [rural committee] ex officio and [government] official members. Over more than 40 years, the roles, functions and powers of the district boards — later councils — have evolved constantly. In terms of their composition, the general trend has been a continuously increasing proportion of elected seats, while official seats only lasted for a short time. Although appointed seats saw a turn at the time of the Handover [when they were reintroduced], all of them were abolished in 2016, with only 27 ex officio members remaining.

In terms of their roles and functions, the councils' constitutional status as "district organisations which are not organs of political power... to be consulted by the government" has never changed. However, their real power continues to expand. The 2010 political reform package added five Legislative Council seats for the District Council (Second) constituency — dubbed "Super Seats" — to be contested by district councillors. At the same time, district councils were empowered to elect 117 members of the Election Committee, signalling district councillors' new political power to elect Legco members and the Chief Executive. As for district affairs, the SAR government devolved power to district councils to handle some minor works in their own areas, which also gave them more real power in terms of allocating resources.

The duty of a district council is to reflect the views of residents in its communities. Although public opinion is shown in many ways, direct elections are definitely one of the ways which are the most open and actualise the notion of accountability to the greatest extent. Hong Kong is a pluralistic society. When the central government revised Legco's electoral system, it emphasised that it had no intention of making it a place of uniform political allegiance. For district councils to "return to the basics" and revert to their original roles as solely consultative district organisations which are not organs of political power, the degree of openness and public participation should be as high as possible. Even if the authorities genuinely believe that the situation in the past few years necessitates reducing direct election elements to prevent political extremism, it is still unsuitable for the proportion of elected seats to fall below 50%.

區議會改制去政治化 非政權組織不宜封閉

現屆區議會任期今年底結束,政府檢討區議會組成及功能,已接近尾聲。行政長官李家超日前表示,區議會值得保留,來屆議席與現屆相若,區議員薪津不變,不過產生方法要改變,議員會以「多種方式」產生,同時將「保留一定選舉成分」。

外界解讀是未來區議會將恢復委任制,至於具體安排為何,有待當局公布,李家超談的主要是一些大原則,包括:1)要將國家安全放在首位,區議會要去政治化,回到《基本法》第97條所提及的「非政權性區域諮詢組織」屬性;2)地區治理須由愛國者掌握,確保特區有效管治;3)強化地區治理架構,體現行政主導,加強地區動員能力。

首屆區議會1982年由民選、委任、當然和官守議員組成,40多年間,無論角色、職能及權力,都在不斷演變。論構成,大方向是民選議席比例持續增加,官守議席只維持很短時間,至於委任議員,儘管回歸前後出現轉折,但2016年亦全數取消,只保留27名當然議員。

論角色職能,區議會的「非政權區域諮詢組織」憲制定位,雖然從未改變,但實權持續擴大。2010年政改方案,立法會增加5個「超級區議會」議席,由區議員選出,另外又賦權區議會推選117名選委會成員,標誌區議員有了選舉立法會議員及行政長官的政治權力;地區事務方面,特區政府下放權力,讓區議會自行處理一些地區小型工程項目,亦令區議會握有更多資源運用的實權。

區議會職責是反映地區居民意見,雖然民意表達方式不一而足,但直接選舉肯定是其中一個開放度最高、最能體現問責精神的方法。香港是多元社會,中央修改立法會選舉制度時,強調無意搞清一色,既然區議會要「回歸基本」,作為只具諮詢功能的非政權組織,無論開放度還是公眾參與度,應該愈高愈好。就算當局真的認為,有必要因應過去幾年狀况,減少直選成分、防止政治極端化,民選席位比例亦不宜降至五成以下。

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