2020年6月10日 星期三

拯救國泰延續獨特角色 維護香港航空樞紐地位

<轉載自2020610 社評>

港府出手拯救國泰,透過土地基金投資並提供過渡貸款,涉款273億元。這次是港府首次直接注資私人企業,對象更是英資背景的老牌航空公司,格外惹人注目。國際航空樞紐地位,是香港作為國際都會的一根重要支柱,國泰在這方面發揮了重要作用。疫下全球航空業冰封,多國航空公司都要靠政府拯救。非常時期需要非常手段,為了維護香港國際航空樞紐地位,港府拯救國泰有實際需要。國泰與匯控一樣,雖屬英資企業,卻是立足香港,在一國兩制下依舊扮演特殊角色,今次注資拯救安排,某程度亦體現了這一獨特背景,當然國泰亦要設法提升競爭力,應付疫後國際航空業大洗牌的挑戰。

國泰存亡對港影響大 港航海洋公園難並論

疫情令全球航空客運幾近停擺,跨境旅客銳減,航空公司就算未因疫情停飛,實際亦沒有多少旅客生意可做。一些國家幅員廣大,當地航空公司還可寄望國內航線幫補收入,相比之下,香港彈丸之地,國泰作為立足香港的航空公司,疫下處境尤其嚴峻,近月客運收入只及去年水平約1%,2月起每月虧損現金25億至30億元,若無法解決短期資金問題,確有倒閉之虞。

疫下全球各大航空公司紛紛向政府求救,例如美國航空業便要政府注資250億美元救亡,本周奧地利政府宣布提供4.5億歐元救助奧航,是最新例子。政府出資拯救私人企業,離不開兩大考慮,一是涉事企業「大到不能倒」,必須防止骨牌效應引發系統危機;一是事關重要戰略產業,為了社會長遠利益,不得不出手拯救。從這兩個角度考慮,港府出手拯救國泰,確亦有其需要。

國際金融中心和國際航空樞紐,是香港兩個主要定位,兩者緊扣相連互為影響,失去其一都會動搖香港根本,《基本法》第128條便明言,「特區政府應提供和採取措施,以保持香港的國際和區域航空中心地位」。國際航空樞紐對香港的重要性,體現在航空業對進出口貿易、商貿人員往來,以及旅遊業的支持。根據當局說法,航空業對本港經濟的貢獻,接近GDP5%,涉及數以萬計職位,而國泰正是香港這個國際航空樞紐日常運作不可或缺的主角。

國泰是國際航空業著名品牌,立足香港70多年,累積了數十年營運經驗,空運安全獲得國際認可,業務合作伙伴遍及全球,看不到本地有任何財團或航空公司,有財力和營運經驗可以取而代之,填補國泰一旦倒閉遺下的真空。誠然,近年國際航空業競爭激烈,國泰面對廉航挑戰,經營環境變得困難,然而國泰有致力改革,從2018年起轉虧為盈,只是去年6月反修例風暴爆發,訪港旅客顯著減少,經營環境才再度轉壞。無論業績表現還是戰略重要性,國泰的情况,都不能簡單跟港航或海洋公園財困相提並論。

去年反修例風暴,國泰亦捲入爭議漩渦,今次政府注資拯救,難免有人揣測拯救背後有否政治動機。平情而論,政府選擇以優先股方式注資,用意之一相信正是希望減少這次拯救方案的政治色彩。優先股股息一般較普通股高,一旦公司倒閉清盤,持有者獲償機會也較大,然而持有優先股的股東並無投票權,有經濟學家亦提到,放眼其他地方,政府以優先股方式注資拯救比較少見,反映港府希望藉此顯示今次是「被迫介入」,無意插手公司營運,遑論「入主」。政府表示只打算從商界、法律界及會計界物色資深人士,以觀察員身分加入國泰董事局,不準備派官員加入,也是為了減少政治揣測。

注資不改國泰股權架構 延續一國兩制特殊安排

現今香港社會高度政治化,信者恒信,不信者恒不信,必然有人懷疑政府說法,惟反過來看,當局若想政治施壓,入不入主也一樣,現實是國泰亦很需要內地市場。若要從政治角度看拯救方案,港府的做法,其實正正反映國泰在一國兩制下的特殊角色。國泰與匯控一樣,都是港英時代便立足本港的英資背景企業,國泰總部就在香港,比起以倫敦為總部的匯控,在港扎根更深。當年中央提出以一國兩制恢復對香港行使主權,當中不少具體處理,都是兼顧歷史與現實的安排。時至今日,匯控仍是本港三大發鈔銀行之一;《基本法》第135條提到,特區成立前「在香港註冊並以香港為主要營業地」的航空公司,在香港回歸後可繼續經營,更如同為國泰度身訂做。

國泰以香港為基地,英國政府不會相助,要救只能靠港府。這次港府的注資方案,體現了兩項原則,一是在商言商,確保合理股息回報,二是不會影響股權結構,英資太古繼續做大股東,就算港府將手上國泰優先股轉讓給第三方,也不會有變,從這一角度看,拯救方案實際是延續一國兩制下的特殊安排。當前香港與國際形勢錯綜複雜,國泰特殊角色不變,符合各方利益;對北京來說,照顧英資在港利益,必要時亦可成為與倫敦討價還價籌碼,「脫鈎」並無好處。當然,國泰今次獲港府出手續命,不代表往後可以高枕無憂。疫情改變全球航空業未來經營環境,現在無法預測往後航空業生態會如何,國泰必須深化改革,若不提升競爭力,很難在疫後世界生存。

A bailout of Cathay

THE HONG KONG government is to give Cathay Pacific a HK$27.3 billion bailout via its Land Fund and a bridging loan. This has attracted extra attention since this will be the first time the government has directly invested in a private enterprise, not to mention that Cathay Pacific is an established airline with a background of British capital.

The Covid-19 pandemic has nearly crippled global air travel, and cross-border passenger traffic has slumped. Even if an airline does not have to ground its planes because of the pandemic, business from the operation of passenger flights has been slack. Airlines operating in a vast country might rely on domestic flights to make up for lost revenues. But Hong Kong is a tiny place. An airline based in Hong Kong, Cathay Pacific is faced with a particularly severe situation. Over the past few months, its revenues from passenger transportation have amounted to just about 1% of the figure for the same period last year. Since February, it has been running a deficit of HK$2.5 to 3 billion a month. If it could not secure short-term funding, it would indeed be at risk of closure.

Amid the pandemic, major airlines worldwide have sought help from their governments one after another. The US government pumped US$25 billion into its country's airlines to bail them out. The latest example is the Austrian government, which announced this week that it would offer Austrian Airlines 450 million euros. A government bailout of private enterprises is based on no more than two criteria. One is that the company concerned is "too big to fail", so much so that a domino effect must be avoided to prevent a systemic crisis. The other is concern over key strategic industries, which have to do with society's long-term benefits and must be saved. Judging from these two criteria, the Hong Kong government's bailout of Cathay Pacific is certainly necessary.

Hong Kong positions itself mainly as an international financial centre and aviation hub. These two roles are highly related and mutually dependent. Losing either of them will undermine the city's foundation. Article 128 of the Basic Law states clearly that "The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall provide conditions and take measures for the maintenance of the status of Hong Kong as a centre of international and regional aviation." The importance of the status as an international aviation hub for Hong Kong is manifested in the industry's support for imports and exports, interactions between commercial personnel and tourism. According to the authorities, the aviation industry contributes to nearly 5% of the city's GDP and supports tens of thousands of jobs. That is why Cathay Pacific plays an indispensable role in the daily operations of Hong Kong as an international aviation hub.

Like HSBC, Cathay Pacific is a British-funded enterprise which established a foothold in Hong Kong in the British colonial era. Headquartered in Hong Kong, it is more deeply-rooted in the city than the London-headquartered HSBC. When the central government proposed the "One Country, Two Systems" framework to resume its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, many arrangements were made to accommodate Hong Kong's history and the reality. To date HSBC is still one of the three note-issuing banks. Article 135 of the Basic Law specifies that "Airlines incorporated and having their principal place of business in Hong Kong and businesses related to civil aviation functioning there prior to the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may continue to operate." This seems to have been tailor-made just for Cathay Pacific.

The government's funding package is based on two principles. Firstly, "business is business", which is to ensure reasonable dividend payments. Secondly, the ownership structure will not be altered. Swire, a British enterprise, will still be the biggest shareholder. That will not be changed even if the government transfers its preference shares to a third party. If looked at from this perspective, the bailout plan is in fact a continuation of the special arrangement under "One Country, Two Systems".

拯救國泰延續獨特角色 維護香港航空樞紐地位

港府出手拯救國泰,透過土地基金投資並提供過渡貸款,涉款273億元。這次是港府首次直接注資私人企業,對象更是英資背景的老牌航空公司,格外惹人注目。

疫情令全球航空客運幾近停擺,跨境旅客銳減,航空公司就算未因疫情停飛,實際亦沒有多少旅客生意可做。一些國家幅員廣大,當地航空公司還可寄望國內航線幫補收入,相比之下,香港彈丸之地,國泰作為立足香港的航空公司,疫下處境尤其嚴峻,近月客運收入只及去年水平約1%,2月起每月虧損現金25億至30億元,若無法解決短期資金問題,確有倒閉之虞。

疫下全球各大航空公司紛紛向政府求救,例如美國航空業便要政府注資250億美元救亡,本周奧地利政府宣布提供4.5億歐元救助奧航,是最新例子。政府出資拯救私人企業,離不開兩大考慮,一是涉事企業「大到不能倒」,必須防止骨牌效應引發系統危機;一是事關重要戰略產業,為了社會長遠利益,不得不出手拯救。從這兩個角度考慮,港府出手拯救國泰,確亦有其需要。

國際金融中心和國際航空樞紐,是香港兩個主要定位,兩者緊扣相連互為影響,失去其一都會動搖香港根本,《基本法》第128條便明言,「特區政府應提供條件和採取措施,以保持香港的國際和區域航空中心地位」。國際航空樞紐對香港的重要性,體現在航空業對進出口貿易、商貿人員往來,以及旅遊業的支持。根據當局說法,航空業對本港經濟的貢獻,接近GDP5%,涉及數以萬計職位,而國泰正是香港這個國際航空樞紐日常運作不可或缺的主角。

國泰與匯控一樣,都是港英時代便立足本港的英資背景企業,國泰總部就在香港,比起以倫敦為總部的匯控,在港扎根更深。當年中央提出以一國兩制恢復對香港行使主權,當中不少具體處理,都是兼顧歷史與現實的安排。時至今日,匯控仍是本港三大發鈔銀行之一;《基本法》第135條提到,特區成立前「在香港註冊並以香港為主要營業地」的航空公司,在香港回歸後可繼續經營,更如同為國泰度身訂做。
這次港府的注資方案,體現了兩項原則,一是在商言商,確保合理股息回報,二是不會影響股權結構,英資太古繼續做大股東,就算港府將手上國泰優先股轉讓給第三方,也不會有變,從這一角度看,拯救方案實際是延續一國兩制下的特殊安排。

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