2021年10月10日 星期日

中美博弈進新階段 台海成最短導火線

<轉載自20211011 明報 社評>

辛亥革命110周年紀念大會昨天在北京舉行,從與會者規模來說,是今年內地繼中共成立百周年以外舉行第二大的集會,從國家主席習近平在紀念大會上的講話,可以窺視北京對內對外政策及其邏輯,大致可以歸納成兩句話,振興中華與祖國完全統一。前者中共認為可以帶領中華民族完成使命,後者需要海內外全體中華兒女共同完成,即中共要認真貫徹統一戰線,這對香港也有特殊意義。

辛亥革命未能實現復興夢 共同富裕中國夢要求更高

辛亥革命距今110年,其歷史地位早有定論,今天仍然隆重紀念,必有其現實意義。習近平在講話中多次提到孫中山先生倡導「振興中華」,也提到中國飽受列強凌辱的歷史,兩個因素都激勵大批革命黨人和無數愛國志士,「廣泛傳播革命思想,積極興起進步浪潮,連續發動武裝起義,推動了革命大勢的形成。」但辛亥革命成功以後很長一段時間,振興中華還沒有實現。直到今天,中國成為全球第二大經濟體,鐵路碼頭等基建,已經超出孫中山先生在建國方略所提出的規模,世界上沒有任何國家可以輕視中國。

這樣的成就還沒有達到「中國夢」的目標,中共提出要做到共同富裕,而且表示必須堅持社會主義道路以及制度,以及堅持共產黨的領導,才能一舉而竟全功,而中共在帶領全國奮發圖強走出貧窮,展現出強大魄力。然而,中共自身組織也有令人詬病的問題,雖然本屆政府在清除貪腐方面的魄力與成績有目共睹,但經過六、七年重錘出擊,仍然有不少官員頂風作案,自十八大以來不收手,更為諷刺的是,上月底被揭發嚴重違紀違法的孫力軍,入黨多年官至公安部副部長,竟然被指「從未真正樹立理想信念」,真的是匪夷所思,中共從嚴治黨仍然任重道遠。

習近平在紀念大會上提到,要提高科學執政、民主執政和依法執政的水平,並且重申中共要「增強自我淨化、自我完善、自我提高能力,確保中國共產黨始終成為中國人民和中華民族最可靠的主心骨。」這樣的說法,既是自我期許,也是對人民的承諾。

孫中山先生在一個多世紀前首先提出振興中華,中國目前面臨另一個百年未有的大變局,中華復興夢過去與未來都要經歷不平坦的途徑,更何况美國正在千方百計阻撓中國崛起,而中國仍然處於分裂的狀態,美國可乘之機就更多。

統一大業是中華復興夢的重要組成部分,習近平在講話中提出,「台灣問題因民族弱亂而產生,必將隨着民族復興而解決。這是中華民族歷史演進大勢所決定的,更是全體中華兒女的共同意志。」情况確實如此,既然人們對實現民族復興充滿信心,統一大業最終也必定能夠實現,但要發動全體中華兒女共同努力,統一戰線作用就更形重要,習近平也表示要以此「廣泛凝聚中華民族一切智慧與力量」。

統一大業需要統一戰線 放下身段團結統戰對象

中共一直重視統一戰線,抗日戰爭時期,發動全體國民敵愾同仇將日本侵略軍趕出中國;在解放戰爭期間,爭取全國各個階層支持,才能取得政權;在改革開放時期,也是得益於全體國民的共同努力才能做到繁榮昌盛。現在對外抵禦美國的遏制需要國際統一戰線,盡量團結更多國家站到中國一邊。統一大業的困難更加艱巨,對統一戰線的要求也更加高。

統一戰線的做法就是團結大多數,打擊少數、孤立極少數。打擊一小撮是必須的,但目的是為了團結更多的大多數,現在媒體集中報道的是打擊少數時所用的嚴言厲色,鮮見有團結多數時採用的和顏悅色。統一戰線需要官員放下身段顯示親和力,才能取得統戰對象的心悅誠服,而不是官員高高在上聽統戰對象的逢迎巧詞。統一戰線也講究在不同階段對不同的對象採取不同的策略,如何掌握分寸令統戰對象感到肝膽相照、榮辱與共更是一門學問和藝術。

香港是國家的一部分,對協助國家完成統一大業有義不容辭的責任,也有特殊的作用。香港很多人跟台灣有千絲萬縷的關係,善用積極的力量去動員台灣的統派,共同來打擊獨派,相信能對統一大業有幫助。

香港本身也是統戰對象,前一個階段的重點是要動員不同階層的市民參與維護國家安全和發展利益,眼下和未來是要動員市民共同搞好粵港澳大灣區,融入國家發展大局。要做到這個目標,除了依靠各種鼓勵政策外,還需要細緻的統戰工作。

中華復興夢是整個民族的偉大目標,香港不能缺席,台灣也不能缺席。藉紀念辛亥革命110周年,重溫中華復興夢的初衷與憧憬,是中共對自我提升的期許,也是對全體中華兒女的動員令。

A new stage in the rivalry between China and US

YANG JIECHI, a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Commission for Foreign Affairs, met with Jake Sullivan, the US National Security Advisor to the President, in Zurich, Switzerland last Wednesday. Both have called the meeting ''fruitful'' and ''constructive''. They also discussed the holding of a video conference between Chinese President Xi Jinping and US President Joe Biden within this year.

The new stage of the Sino-US rivalry began on 10 September, when the leaders of the two nations talked again after a space of seven months. After that, Xi Jinping announced that China would stop building overseas coal power projects, echoing one of the calls of the US's vigorous lobbying activities concerning climate issues. In Canada, Huawei's vice chairman and chief financial officer Meng Wanzhou, who had been detained for 1028 days, was released and returned to China. US Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo stated that she hoped to lead the presidents of American companies to visit China to find business opportunities and discuss trade issues. The 16th China-US Defense Policy Coordination Talks were held between the two countries' military forces through a video conference. Furthermore, in Katherine Tai's speech on trade policies towards China on Monday (4 October), though she criticised China for failing to fulfil its commitments in the first phase of the trade agreement and claimed to reserve the right to take unilateral trade measures in the future, she also proposed ''durable coexistence'' concerning Sino-US trade and ''recoupling''. By doing so, she indirectly admitted that the trade war with China had failed. What she said has also been interpreted as an olive branch extended by the Biden administration to China.

During the meeting in Alaska in March, Yang Jiechi and Foreign Minister Wang Yi engaged in a fierce war of words with Sullivan and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken in front of the global media. In July, US Deputy Secretary of State Wendy Sherman visited Tianjin and met with Wang Yi and others. During the meeting, China put forward two ''checklists'' and three ''bottom lines'' to the US. The Zurich meeting can be regarded as the third confrontation between top Chinese and US leaders after Biden took office. If it can be said that the US was still on the offensive in Alaska, the Tianjin encounter marked China's counterattack against the US. As for the Zurich meeting, it was the beginning of a new round of diplomatic game after the two sides had re-adjusted their rhythms.

After the setback in the Afghan battlefield, the urgent task for the US is to shrink its front to prevent simultaneous wars with China and Russia. On the economic and technological levels, Donald Trump's trade wars did not succeed in completely decoupling the US from China. Quite the contrary, the tariffs hurt the US economy. The US's suppression of Huawei also failed to contain the internal momentum of China's scientific and technological innovation. The COVID-19 pandemic has consolidated China's position in the global supply chain as never before, while the US's unlimited quantitative easing created internal market bubbles and debt crises. All signs show that Trump's diplomatic arson was unsustainable.

Compared with the Alaska meeting in March and the Tianjin meeting in July, it is evident that the atmosphere of the Zurich meeting this time was much relaxed. Chinese Vice Premier Liu He also talked with US Trade Representative Katherine Tai on the phone again the day before yesterday (9 October), marking the change in Sino-US relations from the old stage of ''fighting but no talking'' to a new stage of ''talking and fighting''. However, the differences between the two sides are still deep, and the thawing of the relationship is still far away. As long as the domestic environment in the US remains unchanged, the Sino-US rivalry will not end.

中美博弈進新階段 台海成最短導火線

中共中央政治局委員、中央外事辦主任楊潔篪上周三在瑞士蘇黎世,與美國總統國家安全顧問沙利文(Jake Sullivan)會晤,雙方都稱會晤「富有成果」及「具建設性」,並討論了國家主席習近平與美國總統拜登年內舉行視訊會晤事宜。

中美博弈的新階段,從上月10日兩國元首時隔7個月再次通話開始,之後習近平宣布中國停建海外煤電項目,呼應美國在氣候問題上極力游說的目標之一;在加拿大被拘1028天的華為副董事長兼首席財務官孟晚舟獲釋返國;美國商務部長雷蒙多(Gina Raimondo)稱,希望率領美國企業總裁訪華,尋找商機和商討貿易問題;兩國軍方透過視訊,舉行了第16次中美防務政策協調對話會;而戴琪(Katherine Tai)周一有關對華貿易政策的講話,雖然指摘中方未履行首階段貿易協議承諾,聲稱保留未來使用單方面貿易措施的權力,但對中美貿易也提出「持久的共存」(durable coexistence),以及「重新掛鈎」(recoupling)的主張,間接承認對華貿易戰已經失敗,亦被認為是拜登政府對華釋出善意。

3月的阿拉斯加會晤,楊潔篪與外長王毅一道,當着全球傳媒鏡頭,同沙利文和美國國務卿布林肯唇槍舌劍,激烈交鋒;7月美國常務副卿舍曼到訪天津,與王毅等會面,中方向美方提交了兩份「清單」和三條「底線」;今次蘇黎世會晤,可視作拜登上台後,中美高層的第三度交鋒,如果說阿拉斯加時美方仍處於攻勢的話,天津則是中方對美方的回擊,而蘇黎世會晤則是雙方重新調整節奏,展開新一輪博弈的開始。

經歷阿富汗戰場的潰敗之後,美國需要收縮戰線,防止與中俄兩線同時開戰,成為華府當務之急;在經濟和科技層面,特朗普的貿易戰未能令中美全面脫鈎,關稅反而損害了美國經濟,對華為的打壓也未能遏制中國科創的內生動力,疫情令中國在全球供應鏈中的地位空前鞏固,而美國的無限度「放水」,卻造成其內部市場泡沫和債務危機……種種迹象顯示,特朗普的烽火外交都難以為繼。

相對於3月的阿拉斯加會晤、7月的天津會晤,今次蘇黎世會晤的氣氛明顯緩和,國務院副總理劉鶴前日也與美國貿易談判代表戴琪再通電話,標誌中美關係從「只打不談」進入「談談打打」的新階段。惟雙方分歧依然深刻,關係解凍仍遙遙無期,只要美國國內大環境仍未改變,中美博弈就不會結束。

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