<轉載自2021年3月22日 明報 社評>
內地城鎮人均預期壽命已經超過80歲,而各機關企業還在沿用1978年訂定的法定退休年齡,即男性60歲,女性職工50歲和幹部55歲,隨着老齡化社會已經到來,出生率逐年下降,社保基金入不敷支情况也愈趨嚴重,延遲退休年齡的政策原定在上一個五年規劃期間出台,至今仍在只聞樓梯響階段,剛公布的第14個五年規劃明確表明要在未來5年內實施,但按目前進展,能否如期實在令人擔憂。這個關乎萬千職工生計,以及國家財政穩健的政策,不能一拖再拖了。
社保基金入不敷支勢擴大 政府補貼無底洞於事無補
法定退休年齡政策是幾乎所有人都關心的問題,經濟能力好而又想盡快享受優哉游哉生活的職工,當然希望維持現在的法定退休年齡,經濟能力差想多領幾年工資,或者老驥伏櫪的職工,則希望可以延遲退休,年輕職工更加關心這個政策,因為關乎他們將來的稅負壓力,2019年在職人數跟退休人數的比例是2.61比1,如果按照目前數據以及政策不變的情况推算,到2050年,這個比例將會達到1.03比1,差不多是一個職工養一個退休人員,也就是說工資的一半將要上繳社保基金。
全國社會保險基金去年收入約7.2萬億元人民幣,其中保險收入4.7萬億元,政府補貼2萬億元,從國企專項扶持基金中撥款500億元,支出卻達到7.8萬億元,即有6000多億元的缺口。去年虧款較多是由於疫情部分企業免交保險金,但社保基金入不敷支的情况已經持續6年,而且退休人員逐年增加,目前正處於嬰兒潮年代出生而今達到退休年齡的高峰,而適齡勞動人口從2012年開始逐年下降,預計在未來5年下降3500萬人,供款人數與退休人數此消彼長的情况,社保基金虧款是必然的,目前是依靠政府撥款,及從國企額外徵收特別基金彌補,但這非長治久安之計。專家估計,退休年齡每延長一年,養老基金可增加40億元,減少支出160億元,這就是延遲退休年齡政策迫在眉睫的原因。
延遲退休年齡政策之所以千呼萬喚出不來,跟政府官員左顧右盼有關,但情况確實也十分複雜。全國幅員遼闊,不同工種情况千差萬別,有些勞動強度大的工種,60歲幾乎已屆極限,但白領工人則猶有餘力;有些工種需要接受訓練的年期較長,比如醫生或者科研工作者,他們參加工作年齡較遲,而且他們積累經驗對工作效率的作用較大,60歲讓他們退休是人力資源的浪費。男性和女性無論在各方面都存在差距,是否要統一退休年齡,也有很大的爭議。
第14個五年規劃對於延遲退休年齡提出的原則是:「小步調整、彈性實施、分類推進、統籌兼顧」,有關彈性實施這一條,釋除人們對於一刀切政策的憂慮,是十分有必要,這個留待各省及各行業根據實際情况處理,符合大眾期望。
輿論各自表述官員無動於中 方案不論保守激進應早出台
至於「小步調整」,則給有關決策官員留出很大的空間,何謂小步?小步等於保守方案嗎?有專家提出設想,法定退休年齡每幾年延後一年,到2045年才最終實施延遲至65歲。激進的方案包括,先將男女退休年齡盡快統一到60歲,以及在短時間內延遲到65歲退休。無論保守還是激進方案,都牽涉到是否允許自願選擇的問題,同時要考慮到採用獎勵自願延遲退休,還是對不自願延遲退休處以懲罰措施,比如在法定退休年齡前退休不能領取全額退休金等,現在都只是專家「各自表述」階段,決策官員還沒有宣布一個明確的取向。
各種意見在社會上沸沸揚揚之際,各種擔憂言論也在紛呈,年輕人擔心一旦延遲退休年齡,他們的工作機會以及晉升機會都會受到影響,造成一種銀髮族跟小伙子搶飯碗的局面。而那些由於各種原因,自願提前退休的人員,包括不適應勞動強度大的勞工,他們需要另覓工作強度或者工作時間較為靈活的工作,由於他們職場競爭力處於劣勢,即使找到工作也得不到應有的福利和勞動保障,成為新的弱勢社群。
為了釋除大眾的疑慮,政府應該明確宣布,任何出台的政策,都會提前諮詢利益相關方,徵求他們的意見作為完善政策的依據,一個需要自願參與的政策,如果他們在不知情的情况作出選擇,決定往往可能是不理性的,這就會影響政策的效果。
延遲退休年齡的討論曠日持久,有關政策遲遲沒有出台,而各種影響社保基金入不敷支的因素卻在不斷擴大,依靠政府撥款以及從國企的巨額盈利中抽取部分彌補社保基金虧款,也是應有之義,但始終不是長久之計。負責此事的人力資源和社會保障部,應該及早提出一個方案,哪怕是一個小分項的具體方案,讓大眾可以進入實質的討論,大眾無休止漫無方向的表態,反而會將輿論帶到一個負面的角度,政策愈遲出台,謬種流傳的機率愈大,最終只會不利於延遲退休年齡政策的推行。
Delay of retirement age
in mainland China
The average life
expectancy in mainland China's urban areas has exceeded 80 years old. However,
different government agencies and businesses still adopt the mandatory
retirement ages set in 1978, i.e. 60 for men, 50 for female workers and 55 for
female government cadres. As the Chinese population is ageing, the birth rate
has been declining year by year, and the National Social Security Fund has been
increasingly unable to balance its books. The policy of increasing the
retirement age was originally scheduled for the last five-year plan. In the
14th five-year plan just unveiled, it is specifically stated that the policy
must be implemented within five years. Judging by the progress that has been
made, however, it is concerning whether this will be possible.
Workers who are
financially secure and want to enjoy their untroubled retirements as soon as
possible hope that the existing legal retirement age can be maintained. Those
who are less financially secure want to receive wages for a few more years and
delay their retirements. As for young workers, they are more concerned about
the policy than others, since it has everything to do with their tax burdens in
the coming years.
For six years in a row,
the National Social Security Fund has not been able to balance its books. With
the annual increase of retirees and the shrinkage of the working population
year by year since 2012, it is inevitable that the fund is running a deficit.
Currently, the fund relies on the government's funding and additional charges
from state-owned enterprises to fill the shortfall, but this is not a long-term
solution.
The much awaited
implementation of the new retirement ages has been related to government
officials' indecision. For some intensively manual jobs, the retirement age of
60 is almost the limit. For some jobs that require long-term training, such as
doctors or scientific researchers, the practitioners enter the workforce later
in their lives, and the accumulation of practical experience has a greater
effect on enhancing work efficiency. It will be a waste of human resources to
ask them to retire at 60. Whether the retirement age of men and women should be
equal also remains a topic of contention.
The principles laid down
in the 14th five-year plan for delayed retirement policy include ''minor
adjustment, flexible implementation, different rates of advance by category,
and coordination and organisation''. When it comes to the principle of flexible
implementation, different provinces and industries can handle their own situations
accordingly.
As for ''minor
adjustment'', some experts have proposed that the statutory retirement age be
increased by one year every several years until the retirement age is increased
to 65 years old in 2045. Radical proposals include unifying the retirement age
for men and women to 60 as soon as possible and increasing retirement age to 65
shortly. Both solutions involve the questions of whether to allow voluntary
choice of retirement.
Young workers are
concerned that their job opportunities and promotion prospects will be affected
once the legal retirement age is raised. Those who take voluntary early
retirement are less likely to receive benefits and labour protection they
deserve even if they have a job due to their low competitiveness in the
workplace, thus becoming a new vulnerable group.
To dispel the public's
concerns, the government should announce clearly that stakeholders will be
consulted earlier and their views will be taken into consideration so as to
build the foundation for perfecting policies.
The debate on delayed
retirement has raged on for some time, but the policy remains unimplemented
after so long, while the factors causing the deficits of the National Social
Security Fund are growing. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security,
which is responsible for this policy, should put forward a proposal for
enabling substantive public discussion.
延遲退休方案樓梯響 彈性處理服眾莫遲疑
內地城鎮人均預期壽命已經超過80歲,而各機關企業還在沿用1978年訂定的法定退休年齡,即男性60歲,女性職工50歲和幹部55歲,隨着老齡化社會已經到來,出生率逐年下降,社保基金入不敷支情况也愈趨嚴重,延遲退休年齡的政策原定在上一個五年規劃期間出台,剛公布的第14個五年規劃明確表明要在未來5年內實施,但按目前進展,能否如期實在令人擔憂。
經濟能力好而又想盡快享受優哉游哉生活的職工,希望維持現在的法定退休年齡,經濟能力差想多領幾年工資,希望可以延遲退休,年輕職工更加關心這個政策,因為關乎他們將來的稅負壓力。
社保基金入不敷支的情况已經持續6年,而且退休人員逐年增加,適齡勞動人口從2012年開始逐年下降,社保基金虧款是必然的,目前是依靠政府撥款,及從國企額外徵收特別基金彌補,但這非長治久安之計。
延遲退休年齡政策之所以千呼萬喚出不來,跟政府官員左顧右盼有關。有些勞動強度大的工種,60歲幾乎已屆極限;有些工種需要接受訓練的年期較長,比如醫生或者科研工作者,參加工作年齡較遲,而且他們積累經驗對工作效率的作用較大,60歲讓他們退休是人力資源的浪費。男性和女性是否要統一退休年齡,也有很大的爭議。
第14個五年規劃對於延遲退休年齡提出的原則是:「小步調整、彈性實施、分類推進、統籌兼顧」,有關彈性實施這一條,留待各省及各行業根據實際情况處理。
至於「小步調整」,有專家提出設想,法定退休年齡每幾年延後一年,到2045年才最終實施延遲至65歲。激進方案包括,先將男女退休年齡盡快統一到60歲,以及在短時間內延遲到65歲退休。無論保守還是激進方案,都牽涉到是否允許自願選擇的問題。
年輕人擔心一旦延遲退休年齡,他們的工作機會以及晉升機會都會受到影響。而那些自願提前退休的人員,由於他們職場競爭力處於劣勢,即使找到工作也得不到應有的福利和勞動保障,成為新的弱勢社群。
為了釋除大眾的疑慮,政府應該明確宣布,任何出台的政策,都會提前諮詢利益相關方,徵求他們的意見作為完善政策的依據。
延遲退休年齡的討論曠日持久,有關政策遲遲沒有出台,而各種影響社保基金入不敷支的因素卻在不斷擴大。負責此事的人力資源和社會保障部,應該及早提出一個方案,讓大眾可以進入實質的討論。