2017年2月22日 星期三

納米單位急增 不能放任自流

<轉載自2017222 明報 社評>
政府今天發表財政預算案,並公布新一年賣地計劃。增加房屋供應是當前要務,不過政府在積極推地之餘,亦必須關注近年「納米樓」單位湧現的情况。近年納米單位數目逐年遞增,去年獲批興建更呈「爆發式」增長,情况極不健康。這些實用面積僅得100多平方呎的超迷你單位,侷促程度堪稱不宜居住,有違政府提倡改善人均居住面積的願景。納米單位猛增是社會的悲哀,折射發展商賺到盡的思維,政府有必要雙管齊下,在增加土地供應之餘,同時在賣地條款中,加入限制納米樓單位的條文,不能放任自流。
納米單位呎價瘋狂 發展商不應賺到盡
政府本財政年度積極推地,合共售出22幅住宅用地,提供1.47萬伙,是恢復主動賣地以來新高,預料政府在新一年賣地計劃中,將把多幅住宅用地加入賣地表,延續當前勢頭。市民置業需求殷切,政府當然有責任增加房屋供應平抑樓價,惟同時也必須確保可觀的新增單位數字,不會是靠大量納米單位湊數。何謂納米單位,政府從未設下定義,有建築及測量界人士認為若單位扣除廚廁等面積後,實用樓面面積(Usable Floor Area)低於15平方米(約161方呎),就應視為納米單位。根據屋宇署資料,去年獲批興建的納米樓單位數目急增,達到2657個,較前年增加兩倍,比2012年更飈升逾11倍,更有「愈劏愈細」的趨勢,實用樓面面積細至不足100呎。
納米單位數目暴升,突顯目前樓價已遠超市民負擔能力,連過去所謂的「上車盤」和「細價樓」,也漲價至超過400萬元,令到「上車一族」往往只能選擇購買納米單位。有地產界人士認為,在樓價高企下,就算發展商提供400呎的傳統細單位,恐怕很多渴望置業的人士也買不起,俗語有謂「一個願打一個願捱」,現在發展商推出納米單位,不過是「遷就市場」,云云。誠然,納米單位是自由市場規律下的產物,然而存在並不代表合理,更不代表符合市民利益和社會長遠發展需要。
在發展商眼中,住宅單位不過是商品,只講求「你肯買我肯賣」,不會考慮納米單位設計是否宜居、居住環境是否理想。鑑於不少市民上車心切,而九成按揭又只適用於400萬元或以下單位的情况,發展商遂加緊推出納米單位,以低於400萬元的價格出售。表面上,發展商只是滿足上車族的置業夢,不過值得留意的是,不少納米單位的實際呎價高到近乎荒謬,例如有高達2萬元,遠比一般單位高。外界有理由質疑,發展商不過是假借「市場供求關係」之名,利用納米單位「賺到盡」。
另外,納米單位的買家,主要是年輕人或負擔能力較低的一群。設若樓市泡沫爆破,這類單位的吸引力遠遜一般細單位,樓價跌幅勢必更快更急,反彈力弱,一眾納米單位業主勢必深受其害,成為社會一大問題。為免納米單位問題為社會埋下計時炸彈,政府絕對有責任及早介入,不能任由市場決定一切。
單位空間設定下限 可以借鑑外國經驗
外國不少大城市,都面對樓價高企、房屋供應不足的問題,由東京、溫哥華、三藩市到紐約等地,近10年都出現了一些迷你單位,以滿足單身年輕人的居住需要,惟當地政府一般都不會撒手不理,除了對單位面積設有規定限制,甚至還會積極扮演引導規管的角色。例如三藩市政府鑑於樓價高企租金昂貴,超出不少年輕人的負擔能力,於2012年以試行方式,容許發展商興建面積200多呎的納米單位,不過市政府同時訂明發展商所建的單位,最少要提供150平方呎的生活空間,另包廚廁;在試行計劃下,發展商合共可建的納米單位只有375個,讓政府評估試行政策成效。相比之下,特區政府對納米單位卻採取放任自流的態度,不僅沒有為單位面積或居住空間設下底線,任由單位「愈劏愈細」,就連何謂納米單位的定義也沒有。
納米單位湧現,是政府停止造地10年,令土地房屋供求嚴重失衡、樓價飈升的結果。要釜底抽薪治本,政府當然必須加緊推出土地,增加房屋供應;與此同時,當局也有責任盡快推出治標措施規管,例如在賣地條款中,就單位面積設定下限,以及訂明興建單位上限等措施,適度引導市場。

Proliferation of nm flats
TODAY (February 22) the government is to unveil this year's budget and land sale plan. It is its top priority now to increase housing supply. However, while it should busy itself with land auctions, the government ought to concern itself with the fact that "nanometre (nm) flats" have proliferated over the past few years.
The number of nm flats has surged. That shows property prices are way beyond ordinary citizens' means. The price of what was once called a "get-aboard offer" or "small-priced flat" has rocketed above $4 million. Therefore, those who want to "get aboard" cannot but choose to buy nm flats. True, it is by free-market laws that nm flats have come about. However, what exists may not be reasonable, much less in citizens' interests or likely to meet the needs of long-term social development.
Flats are only commodities in developers' eyes. Developers' sole concern is "whether you are willing to buy what I offer to sell". They would not consider whether nm flats are so designed as to be suitable for occupation. Seeing that many citizens are eager to "get aboard" and 90% mortgages may be taken out only in respect of flats sold for less than $4 million a unit, developers have hastened to produce nm flats that go for less than $4 million a unit. On the face of it, they do so to help people eager to "get aboard" to realise their dreams of owning their own homes. However, it is worth notice that the actual per-square-foot prices of certain nm flats are ridiculously high. Some are as high as $20,000, way above ordinary per-square-foot prices.
Furthermore, nm flat buyers are mainly people who are young or have small means. Such units are much less appealing than ordinary small flats. If the property bubble bursts, their prices will fall much more sharply, and they will hardly rebound. Then, nm flat owners will certainly suffer badly. That may become a huge social problem. Lest nm flats should become a time bomb, the government should certainly intervene promptly. It must not leave it to market forces to determine everything.
Over the past decade, nm units have been produced in big cities in foreign countries to meet young single people's housing needs. Their authorities rarely look on with folded arms. They may set lower flat size limits and even proactively provide guidance and carry out regulation. For example, in 2012, the municipal government of San Francisco introduced a pilot scheme under which developers were allowed to produce nm flats a little more than 200 square feet in area. However, it was made a requirement that such a flat should have a living space of at least 150 square feet, a toilet and a kitchen. In contrast, the SAR government just takes a hands-off attitude towards nm flats. As a result, smaller and smaller flats have been put on the market, and there is still no definition of "nm flat".
The reason why nm flats have proliferated is that, because the government ceased to make land for a decade, there is a severe housing supply-demand imbalance, and property prices have rocketed. To take away the firewood from under a cauldron to effect a permanent cure, the government must of course hasten to make land available with a view to increasing housing supply. Nevertheless, it has a duty to exercise palliative regulation. For example, it may include lower flat size limits in lease conditions and suitably guide market participants by setting upper flat number limits and taking other measures.
納米單位急增 不能放任自流
政府今天(22日)發表財政預算案,並公布新一年賣地計劃。增加房屋供應是當前要務,不過政府在積極推地之餘,亦必須關注近年「納米樓」單位湧現的情况。
納米單位數目暴升,突顯目前樓價已遠超市民負擔能力,連過去所謂的「上車盤」和「細價樓」,也漲價至超過400萬元,令到「上車一族」往往只能選擇購買納米單位。誠然,納米單位是自由市場規律下的產物,然而存在並不代表合理,更不代表符合市民利益和社會長遠發展需要。
在發展商眼中,住宅單位不過是商品,只講求「你肯買我肯賣」,不會考慮納米單位設計是否宜居。鑑於不少市民上車心切,而九成按揭又只適用於400萬元或以下單位的情况,發展商遂加緊推出納米單位,以低於400萬元的價格出售。表面上,發展商只是滿足上車族的置業夢,不過值得留意的是,不少納米單位的實際呎價高到近乎荒謬,例如有高達2萬元,遠比一般單位高。
另外,納米單位的買家,主要是年輕人或負擔能力較低的一群。設若樓市泡沫爆破,這類單位的吸引力遠遜一般細單位,樓價跌幅勢必更快更急,反彈力弱,一眾納米單位業主勢必深受其害,成為社會一大問題。為免納米單位問題為社會埋下計時炸彈,政府絕對有責任及早介入,不能任由市場決定一切。
外國不少大城市,近10年都出現了一些迷你單位,以滿足單身年輕人的居住需要,惟當地政府一般都不會撒手不理,除了對單位面積設有規定限制,甚至還會積極扮演引導規管的角色。例如三藩市政府於2012年以試行方式,容許發展商興建面積200多呎的納米單位,不過市政府同時訂明發展商所建的單位,最少要提供150平方呎的生活空間,另包廚廁。特區政府對納米單位卻採取放任自流的態度,任由單位「愈劏愈細」,就連何謂納米單位的定義也沒有。
納米單位湧現,是政府停止造地10年,令土地房屋供求嚴重失衡、樓價飈升的結果。要釜底抽薪治本,政府當然必須加緊推出土地,增加房屋供應;與此同時,當局也有責任盡快推出治標措施規管,例如在賣地條款中,就單位面積設定下限,以及訂明興建單位上限等措施,適度引導市場。

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