2014年6月25日 星期三

強積金是深層次矛盾 核心基金僅改革首步

<轉載自2014625 明報 社評>

積金局擬立法規定所有強積金計劃都要設立核心基金,限定管理收費少過1%,若落實施行,雖然長期投資回報難以估計,但是有望稍為遏止強積金受託人、基金經理等蠶食打工仔儲蓄的情。不過,即使核心基金落實,強積金現行安排對打工仔不公平和不公義的實質,仍然沒有根本改變,政府和積金局應該繼續推動變革,使強積金成為市民可倚賴的養老資本,而非激化社會矛盾的定時炸彈。

核心基金若落實 有望遏抑高昂收費

強積金成立運作14年以來,有兩種情一直備受爭議,一個是收費率高,一個是回報率低,特別是收費率之高,蠶食打工仔的供款,一些強積金計劃扣除管理收費之後,回報率出現負數並非什麼新聞,而是司空見慣。不少打工仔提起強積金,都顯得咬牙切齒甚而破口大罵,主要因為眼睜睜看供款被侵蝕,自己卻無可奈何,也無處力去反對。

積金局建議設立的核心基金,其實是預設基金,為沒有或不想作投資選擇的打工仔而設計,因此也被稱為「懶人基金」;現在強積金多計劃中,被撥入預設基金的打工仔約佔總體24%,涉及金額約500億至600億元。核心基金若能成事,政府傾向由強積金委託人營運,各個強積金計劃都要提供最少一個核心基金,供打工仔選擇,政府則透過限制管理收費和投資組合比例,予以規管。

核心基金採取適合退休儲蓄的投資方式,平衡長期風險與回報,並按參與成員的人生階段調整投資風險,在成員年滿65歲前的一段時間,逐步減少高風險資產。一般打工仔缺乏投資經驗,對選擇適合自己的強積金計劃,難有主見,更遑論隨市發展調節投資組合,核心基金的退休儲蓄投資方式適合這類打工仔,概念上可行,也切合實際需要。

最重要是核心基金的收費率設有上限,積金局提出開支總額上限為1%。強積金收費率偏高,民怨早已沸騰,即使社會輿論與政府多番施壓,委託人只是象徵式降低部分收費,到今年5月,平均收費率仍然高達1.69%,以強積金總體累積已達約5500億元計算,單是這個比例,每年委託人、基金經理等就可共抽取超過90億元。對受託人等營運持份者而言,強積金是一盤風險極低、利潤極高的生意,打工仔則宛如是永不止息的輸血者。

2007年,當時強積金平均管理收費是2.1%,有人計算過,一名月入2萬元的打工仔,與僱主合共供款2000元,在供款40年之後,假設平均每年有5%回報率,累積收益可高達305萬元,不過,若強積金管理收費2%3%,打工仔失去的累積收益,高達120萬至158萬元,相等於實際總收益的39%52%。打工仔的血汗錢,一大截流入了受託人、基金經理等人的口袋。強積金極度不公平和不公義的實質,顯露無遺。

核心基金雖云管理收費不超過1%,不過,有受託人認為若投資組合選擇買股票指數及債券指數的ETF,可以更減省成本,管理收費可低至0.5%。政府規管投資組合比例,在風險與回報之間的拿,關乎打工仔長遠利益,回報當然愈高愈好,只是回報乃日後的事,不可預知,管理收費則確定知道抽取多少,因此,盡量壓低收費比率,應該是重點方向。

市民對強積金反感 皆因血汗錢被蠶食

只要核心基金管理收費和回報率都較合理,落實之後,不單預設基金成員落戶核心基金,屆時積金局做好宣傳工作,讓市民知道核心基金的全面性和好處,相信會吸引更多打工仔選用,誘發競爭之下,或許會帶動整體強積金管理收費向下調整。若出現這種情,強積金的原有功能,或許就會彰顯出來。不過,既得利益者會否採取反制舉措?例如委託人、基金經理表面上守法,照做核心基金,但是在營運時放軟手腳,令到業績不濟,使核心基金失去吸引力。這種可能動向,值得當局關注和準備措施應對。

核心基金若落實,有望紓解強積金其中一個重要問題,但是整個強積金計劃,還有很多方面需要完善。例如半自由行實施一年半以來,約270萬個強積金計劃成員,只有約12萬個轉換計劃,當初藉成員有自由抉擇,誘發競爭而帶動降低管理收費的盤算,已經落空,究其原因,業界認為與手續繁瑣有關。目前強積金計劃,4個受託人市佔率達七成,形成半壟斷局面,這是積金局推動減管理收費而收效不彰的原因,市民對半自由行反應冷淡,與受託人不肯強化效率有關。當局要想辦法打破這個局面。

強積金已經成為本港其中一個深層次矛盾。數年前,財政司長曾俊華在財政預算案紓解民困,給市民的強積金戶口注資6000元,這種投資未來的做法,本屬高招,但是市民反應激烈,認為注資的240億元,市民未即時得益,委託人、基金經理等卻可以先抽取大筆管理收費,當時群情洶湧,曾俊華要取消注資、直接給每名市民派錢6000元,危機才化解。此事說明市民對強積金的反感,因此,除了核心基金,當局應該把強積金調校至並非只為一些人牟利,而是市民可賴以退休的重要支柱。

Core fund

THE MANDATORY PROVIDENT FUND SCHEMES AUTHORITY (MPFA) intends to obtain legislation that requires all MPF schemes to offer a core fund in respect of which the management fee ought to be below 1%. If such legislation is in force, though it will still be hard to estimate long-term returns on investment, there will be hope of somewhat preventing MPF trustees and fund managers from nibbling at employees' savings.

The core fund the MPFA proposes should be set up is in fact a default fund. Designed for employees who do not make or do not want to make investment decisions, default funds are also known as "lazy man funds". Now MPF scheme members that have default funds account for 24% of the total, and the money involved is between $50 billion and $60 billion. If the core fund idea is carried out, the government tends to have the core fund operated by MPF trustees. All MPF schemes should offer at least one core fund option. The government will regulate them by imposing restrictions on their management fee rates and investment portfolios.

Though the management fee rate of the core fund should not exceed 1%, there are trustees who believe that, if a portfolio consists of ETFs that track stock and bond indices, it will cost little to manage it, and the management fee rate may be as low as 0.5 %.

If the idea is carried out and the management fee rate and expected returns of the core fund are reasonable, not only those who have default funds will switch to it, but many others will opt for it, provided the MPFA gives it such publicity that employees are aware of its comprehensiveness and other merits. That may bring about competition and thus cause management fee rates of MPF schemes to fall. If that happens, it may become clear what functions MPF schemes are supposed to serve. However, will those who have vested interests take countermeasures? For example, while trustees and fund managers apparently provide core fund options as required by legislation, they may be slack in their work and, as a result, the core fund may perform so poorly that it may lose its appeal. The government should be concerned about such possibilities and devise measures for dealing with them.

If the core fund idea is carried out, there will be hope of easing a severe difficulty of the MPF system. However, many other aspects of it need to be improved. At present, four MPF trustees have between them 70% of the market. There seems to be a semi-oligopoly. That is why the authorities' efforts to bring management fee rates down have not produced notable results. The government ought to find ways to end this situation.

In the MPF system lies a deep-rooted contradiction of Hong Kong. A few years ago, Financial Secretary John Tsang said in a Budget speech that, to make things easier for citizens, the government would inject $6,000 into each MPF account. Such an idea of investing in the future is normally supposed to be brilliant, but citizens were then vehemently against it. Not until John Tsang announced the government would directly pay each citizen $6,000 rather than inject money into MPF accounts did the crisis pass. Therefore, the government must not only carry the core fund idea out but also adjust the MPF system so that it will be an important pillar of retirement protection citizens may rely on rather than what some rely on to line their own pockets.

強積金是深層次矛盾 核心基金僅改革首步

積金局擬立法規定所有強積金計劃都要設立核心基金,限定管理收費少過1%,若落實施行,雖然長期投資回報難以估計,但是有望稍為遏止強積金受託人、基金經理等蠶食打工仔儲蓄的情

積金局建議設立的核心基金,其實是預設基金,為沒有或不想作投資選擇的打工仔而設計,因此也被稱為「懶人基金」;現在強積金多計劃中,被撥入預設基金的打工仔約佔總體24%,涉及金額約500億至600億元。核心基金若能成事,政府傾向由強積金委託人營運,各個強積金計劃都要提供最少一個核心基金,供打工仔選擇,政府則透過限制管理收費和投資組合比例,予以規管。

核心基金雖云管理收費不超過1%,不過,有受託人認為若投資組合選擇買股票指數及債券指數的ETF,可以更減省成本,管理收費可低至0.5%。

只要核心基金管理收費和回報率都較合理,落實之後,不單預設基金成員落戶核心基金,屆時積金局做好宣傳工作,讓市民知道核心基金的全面性和好處,相信會吸引更多打工仔選用,誘發競爭之下,或許會帶動整體強積金管理收費向下調整。若出現這種情,強積金的原有功能,或許就會彰顯出來。不過,既得利益者會否採取反制舉措?例如委託人、基金經理表面上守法,照做核心基金,但是在營運時放軟手腳,令到業績不濟,使核心基金失去吸引力。這種可能動向,值得當局關注和準備措施應對。

核心基金若落實,有望紓解強積金其中一個重要問題,但是整個強積金計劃,還有很多方面需要完善。目前強積金計劃,4個受託人市佔率達七成,形成半壟斷局面,這是積金局推動減管理收費而收效不彰的原因。當局要想辦法打破這個局面。


強積金已經成為本港其中一個深層次矛盾。數年前,財政司長曾俊華在財政預算案紓解民困,給市民的強積金戶口注資6000元,這種投資未來的做法,本屬高招,但是市民反應激烈,曾俊華要取消注資、直接給每名市民派錢6000元,危機才化解。此事說明市民對強積金的反感,因此,除了核心基金,當局應該把強積金調校至並非只為一些人牟利,而是市民可賴以退休的重要支柱。

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