2021年2月22日 星期一

「愛國者治港」制度化 社會多元須妥善維護

<轉載自2021223 明報 社評>

國務院港澳辦主任夏寶龍講述「愛國者治港」原則,提出要完善相關制度,特別是有關香港選舉方面的制度,不容少數「反中亂港」分子進入特區政權機關。香港經歷了反修例風暴,中央要將「愛國者治港」制度化,夏寶龍談的是大方向大原則,港人只知中央將主導這場「大手術」,整個政治遊戲規則將會重寫。香港是一個多元開放社會,當年鄧小平提出,「港人治港」以愛國者為主體,為包容不同政治成分和觀點留下了空間,現在中央的說法,不再有「主體」這一表述,夏寶龍強調「愛國者治港」絕不是要搞「清一色」,未來這個「混一色」制度,如何保障香港社會多元開放,不會出現「一放就亂、一亂就收、一收就死」的情况,需要小心處理。

愛國標準再定義 「清一色」不是好事

過去兩年,香港政治變化翻天覆地,由反修例風暴、《港區國安法》,到現在的完善「愛國者治港」制度,中央處理香港的思路,有了根本轉變。「反中亂港者出局」、不得進入政權機關,既是中央的基本立場,亦是一國兩制的紅線。 上月國家主席習近平聽取特首述職,提到必須始終堅持「愛國者治港」,一國兩制才能行穩致遠。最近內地官媒一再開腔,強調香港存在制度漏洞,「愛國者治港」原則未獲充分貫徹,必須調整,把選舉作為國家安全核心因素予以考慮,確保香港特區政權任何時候都掌握在愛國者手中。昨天夏寶龍在研討會上的發言,是一次明確宣示,香港將有一場制度大手術,中央將會親自操刀。

1984年,鄧小平提到「港人治港」有一個界限及標準,就是「必須以愛國者為主體的港人」治理香港,「愛國者」標準有三,一是尊重自己民族,二是誠心誠意擁護祖國恢復對香港行使主權,三是不損害香港繁榮和穩定。昨天夏寶龍也有提到鄧小平的「愛國者三標準」,惟同時指出,這一論述是重點針對香港回歸前的情况而言,「界定的標準很寬泛」,言下之意,當然是這數十年間香港社會出現了很多變化,1980年代大多數香港市民支持回歸,港獨沒有市場,跟最近幾年「港獨」冒起坐大的情况,不能相提並論。夏寶龍的發言,可以視為中央對鄧小平「愛國者三標準」的再定義再詮譯,同時亦是將標準收緊。

何謂「愛國」易生爭議,夏寶龍一邊以對比方式,突出「愛國者」與「反中亂港者」的反差,強調「黑暴」、「攬炒」和「港獨」分子一定不屬愛國者之列,另一邊則嘗試從正面定義,提到「真心維護國家主權、安全及發展利益」、「尊重和維護國家根本制度和特區憲制秩序」、「全力維護香港繁榮穩定」。香港社會多元多樣,夏寶龍強調,「愛國者治港」,絕不是要搞「清一色」,即使部分市民對內地、對國家存在各種成見和偏見,中央的態度也是理解和包容的。根據夏寶龍的說法,只要這些人與「反中亂港」分子劃清界線,一樣可以積極參與香港治理。

早在1984年,鄧小平接見一批赴京港人,亦曾說過「清一色不好」。中央重提「不搞清一色」,有助減少香港社會的疑慮情緒,至於在選制大手術後的香港,會是什麼模樣的「混一色」,夏寶龍未有詳談;中央在動手術前,如何聽取香港各界意見,會否以類似《港區國安法》的立法方式,由人大常委會直接為香港度身訂做,暫時亦不清楚。中央看待「愛國者」這個概念,是否採用簡單的排他法,不是「反中亂港者」就等於「愛國者」,還是要滿足多一些條件才算「愛國者」,對未來香港的政治空間,將有深遠影響。

當年鄧小平談及「港人治港」,提到治港的人,更多應該是「能夠持平的人」,「也要有右派」,「包括罵共產黨的人,香港就是在這個基礎上維持安定繁榮」。鄧小平此一說法,可以視為「以愛國者為主體」落實港人治港的一個註腳。時移世易,中央認為要重新詮釋愛國標準,「港人治港」表述,由「以愛國者為主體」,直接變成「愛國者治港」。「主體」兩字之差,意味香港政治生態將收緊到什麼程度,需要密切留意。

堅持一國維護兩制 「一收就死」必須避免

根據夏寶龍的說法,中央看待「愛國標準」,有兩個層面,一是針對一般人,一是針對身居特區政權架構高位的人,前者採取「最低標準」,門檻較低,後者則有更高要求,需要有「一國」大局觀,堅持原則敢於擔當,實際就是敢於跟破壞一國兩制的行徑鬥爭。這某程度反映,中央認為香港的政治鬥爭,未來一段時間仍要持續下去。

一國兩制是香港唯一活路,一國原則要堅持,兩制亦要維護。中央提出要將「愛國者治港」制度化,並會主導這個過程,港人當然希望這場大手術後,兩制仍然可以有廣闊的空間。香港是一個多元社會,一個開放度、包容度夠高的政治制度,有助維護社會的多元性,無論中央和港人,相信都不希望香港出現「一放就亂,一亂就收,一收就死」的情况。上有好者,下必甚焉。中央強調「愛國者治港」之餘,同時亦要慎防出現政治投機一類問題,勿讓既得利益以「愛國」作為掩護,妨礙香港長遠發展。

Safeguard diversity alongside patriotism

In a speech that lays out the principles of ''patriots governing Hong Kong'', Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office Director Xia Baolong has suggested perfecting the related systems, especially Hong Kong's electoral system, to prevent a small number of ''anti-China individuals who disrupt Hong Kong'' from becoming part of the SAR's organs of power. In the wake of Hong Kong's anti-extradition storm, the central government is trying to institutionalise the idea of ''patriots governing Hong Kong''. Now that Xia has talked about the major direction and the general principles concerned, Hong Kong people know only that the central government is going to play a leading role in this ''big operation'' and the entire set of rules of the political game will be rewritten. Hong Kong is a diverse and open society. Deng Xiaoping's idea of patriots making up the main body of those ''Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong'' provided the room for the tolerance of people from across the political spectrum and their opinions. The expression ''main body'' is no longer found in the latest statements of the central government. Xia stresses that ''patriots governing Hong Kong'' is definitely not for the sake of pursuing ''uniformity''. How will the diversity and openness of Hong Kong be guaranteed under the system of the ''semi-uniformity'', so that the cycle of ''loosening leading to disorder, disorder leading to tightening, tightening leading to perishing'' can be avoided? This issue needs to be handled with care.

Last month President Xi Jinping, while hearing the work report by Hong Kong's chief executive, mentioned that the principle of ''patriots governing Hong Kong'' must be upheld persistently to enable the steady and sustained implementation of ''one country, two systems''. In recent days, the mainland's official media have repeatedly emphasised that the existence of loopholes in the city's systems has made it unable to fulfil thoroughly the principles of ''patriots governing Hong Kong'' and they must be adjusted—elections should be considered a core factor of national security to make sure that the Hong Kong SAR is in the hands of patriots at all times. Xia's speech at the symposium yesterday (February 22) is an outright declaration that Hong Kong's systems will undergo a major operation which the central government will perform itself.

In 1984, Deng Xiaoping said there was a set of boundaries and criteria for ''Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong'', which is that Hong Kong must be governed by ''Hong Kong people with patriots making up the main body''. He proposed three criteria for ''patriots''. First, they respect their own nation. Second, they sincerely support the motherland's resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Third, they wish not to impair Hong Kong's prosperity and stability. Although Xia mentioned Deng's ''three criteria for patriots'' yesterday, he also pointed out that they mainly corresponded to the situation of Hong Kong before its return to China and those ''criteria were rather expansive''.

The defining of ''patriotism'' can easily lead to controversies. On the one hand, Xia tried to define it by means of contrasting. Highlighting the contrast between ''patriots'' and ''anti-China individuals who disrupt Hong Kong'', he stressed that those who engage in ''dark violence'' and ''scorched-earth tactics'' and advocate ''Hong Kong independence'' are absolutely not patriotic. On the other hand, he also tried to provide a positive definition, saying that patriots ''sincerely uphold the nation's sovereignty, security and development interests'', ''respect and uphold the fundamental system of the country and the constitutional order of the SAR'' and ''do their best to safeguard Hong Kong's prosperity and stability''.

The description of ''Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong'' has thus been changed directly from ''with patriots making up the main body'' to ''patriots governing Hong Kong''. To what extent will Hong Kong's political ecology be tightened in the absence of the words ''main body'' is something that needs close attention. Furthermore, while emphasising ''patriots governing Hong Kong'', the central government should also beware of the emergence of political opportunism and problems alike. Vested interests should not be allowed to obstruct the city's long-term development under the cover of ''patriotism''.

「愛國者治港」制度化 社會多元須妥善維護

國務院港澳辦主任夏寶龍講述「愛國者治港」原則,提出要完善相關制度,特別是有關香港選舉方面的制度,不容少數「反中亂港」分子進入特區政權機關。香港經歷了反修例風暴,中央要將「愛國者治港」制度化,夏寶龍談的是大方向大原則,港人只知中央將主導這場「大手術」,整個政治遊戲規則將會重寫。香港是一個多元開放社會,當年鄧小平提出,「港人治港」以愛國者為主體,為包容不同政治成分和觀點留下了空間,現在中央的說法,不再有「主體」這一表述,夏寶龍強調「愛國者治港」絕不是要搞「清一色」,未來這個「混一色」制度,如何保障香港社會多元開放,不會出現「一放就亂、一亂就收、一收就死」的情况,需要小心處理。

上月國家主席習近平聽取特首述職,提到必須始終堅持「愛國者治港」,一國兩制才能行穩致遠。最近內地官媒一再開腔,強調香港存在制度漏洞,「愛國者治港」原則未獲充分貫徹,必須調整,把選舉作為國家安全核心因素予以考慮,確保香港特區政權任何時候都掌握在愛國者手中。昨天夏寶龍在研討會上的發言,是一次明確宣示,香港將有一場制度大手術,中央將會親自操刀。

1984年,鄧小平提到「港人治港」有一個界限及標準,就是「必須以愛國者為主體的港人」治理香港,「愛國者」標準有三,一是尊重自己民族,二是誠心誠意擁護祖國恢復對香港行使主權,三是不損害香港繁榮和穩定。昨天夏寶龍也有提到鄧小平的「愛國者三標準」,惟同時指出,這一論述是重點針對香港回歸前的情况而言,「界定的標準很寬泛」。

何謂「愛國」易生爭議,夏寶龍一邊以對比方式,突出「愛國者」與「反中亂港者」的反差,強調「黑暴」、「攬炒」和「港獨」分子一定不屬愛國者之列,另一邊則嘗試從正面定義,提到「真心維護國家主權、安全及發展利益」、「尊重和維護國家根本制度和特區憲制秩序」、「全力維護香港繁榮穩定」。

「港人治港」表述,由「以愛國者為主體」,直接變成「愛國者治港」。「主體」兩字之差,意味香港政治生態將收緊到什麼程度,需要密切留意。中央強調「愛國者治港」之餘,同時亦要慎防出現政治投機一類問題,勿讓既得利益以「愛國」作為掩護,妨礙香港長遠發展。

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