2020年12月6日 星期日

市政府懶政不作為 深圳變成炒樓之都

<轉載自2020127 明報 社評>

深圳市近年房價飈升,炒房風潮熾熱,一個新樓盤攪珠中籤動輒也能賺幾百萬,市政府當然不敢忘記中央有關「房子是用來住的,不是用來炒的」指示,也採取過「辣招」去抑制炒樓風,但這些措施始終沒有奏效,其中有市場推動因素,也有政府懶政不起作用的原因。國務院常務副總理韓正上周四專門就房地產長效機制召開會議,指示要「落實城市主體責任」,應該是有所指的。

華潤集團下屬的房地產公司在深圳開發的一個樓盤,分期出售,由於地理位置處於創新科技企業集中的南山區,十分搶手,上一期發售出現中籤後轉手即可賺幾百萬元,新一期的訂購超出預售單位的8倍,參與攪珠的要付350萬元人民幣訂金,凍結資金達到339億元。

攪珠中籤能賺幾百萬 深圳戶籍成奇貨可居

在迹近瘋狂的炒樓熱潮下,上述並非孤例,相當多的熱門樓盤開售也有這樣的情况,只不過這次金額較大,而且開發商是國企,並且是在深圳市政府7月份出台「新八條辣招」之後,顯示炒風屢禁不止。

深圳市樓價近10多年來節節上升,炒樓成風毫不稀奇。全國國民的財富都有不同程度的上升,但投資渠道不多,買房作為投資成為常見現象,商賈巨富參與幾乎穩賺的炒樓,也是自然,全國資金過剩的因素並非深圳獨享。而深圳的獨特情况是,人口不斷膨脹,目前實際常住人口已經超過2000萬,就業人口已經超過上海成為全國之冠,每年還在不斷上升,而且遷入的群體以高薪的科技人才居多,他們對住房有剛性需求,也有購買力承擔,推高樓價也屬正常。而且中央給予深圳極高的期盼和豐厚的優惠待遇,引發全國資金湧入深圳,更是在所必然。

深圳市政府7月份出台的辣招,包括提高購買第二套房的首付款比例、轉賣徵收增值稅的年限由兩年延長到5年,這些用以提高炒樓資金成本的措施,對於資金過剩的市場,可以預期不會起到很大的作用,而且也不是深圳市可以獨立承擔的;至於對購房者資格限制,比如必須獲得戶籍3年以上,以及離婚人士在一定時間內其中一方持有的物業不能多於離婚前等等,可以減少合資格購房者人數,但反過來說,只是賦予深圳戶籍人士參與炒房「有利可圖」的資格,變相成為違規操作之途。

過去幾乎所有遏制炒樓的所謂辣招,最後一條必定是:「嚴厲打擊房地產違法違規行為」,而正正是這些違法違規行為才是禁而不絕的問題所在。如果說全國資金過剩導致深圳市政府的辣招不奏效情有可原,對於無力對付違法違規行為,深圳市政府則有不可推卸的責任。

政府口說打擊違規作業 中央媒體批評只說不做

新樓盤開售攪珠中籤可以穩賺幾百萬,參與攪珠的訂金,銀行已經動手去查,看資金是否購房者長時間持有還是臨時東湊西拼,但緣何出現領低保(香港稱綜援)的也有能力購買1000多萬元的房子,這個政府查過嗎?最大的問題是,參與訂房的符合戶籍等等條件,中籤者將購房資格馬上轉手,賣給不符合戶籍等要求的投資者圖利,地產商睜一眼閉一眼是因為不承擔社會責任,對於下屬暗中違規操作,簡直就是兩眼皆閉,問題是政府為何沒有介入或者督促地產商提交報告呢?這些違法違規操作行為成行成市,中介經紀可以擬定合同,保證訂房和購買中籤資格雙方的利益符合法律保障,緣何政府官員會充耳不聞呢?

內地獨特的財稅制度,是各個城市房價飈升的根源,因為所有稅收都要部分向中央上繳,唯獨賣地收益可以全數留在地方政府,而且各大城市的財政收入過度依賴賣地收益的程度愈加嚴重,所以地方政府對於執行中央指示,最不積極的範疇就是打擊炒樓風氣,因為市政府才是最大的持份者。深圳市今年上半年賣地收入376億元,雖有疫情影響,仍然比去年同期上升近四成,在7月份所謂辣招出台後,8幅地賣了340億元,財政收入的誘因極大,瞞上欺下能夠過關,誰也不會捅破天去打擊樓市。

深圳市炒樓風氣熾熱,最後是由新華社發表評論文章,點名痛批深圳市政府沒有拿出「硬核」來打擊炒風,才終於引起深圳市政府的重視。住房和建設局長張學凡上月30日回應中央媒體批評時表示,「一旦發現存在違規行為,將依法依規嚴肅處理」,云云。深圳市政府的所謂高度重視,顯然沒有令到中央政府滿意,副總理韓正在本月3日專門到住房建設部召開座談會,一再強調「房子是用來住的,不是用來炒的」這個中央指示,看來深圳市再也不敢敷衍塞責了。

深圳的樓市,已經到了「大到不能倒」的地步,無論中央還是深圳市政府,都不可能去打擊樓市,讓市場回歸理性是現實的目標,關鍵是打擊違規違法行為。對違法者放任自流,實質上是對政府威信的自毁長城,這個責任也是任何政府負擔不起的。

Shenzhen has become the capital of property speculation

The surge in property prices in Shenzhen in recent years has led to a craze for property speculation. One can make a profit of millions of RMB if one successfully bids for a new property at auction. Of course, the municipal government does not dare forget the central government's instruction that "flats are for living, not for speculation," and has adopted "drastic measures" to curb property speculation, but these measures have not been effective. While market factors have contributed to the phenomenon, the government's laziness and lack of effort are also reasons.

Shenzhen's property prices have been rising steadily over the past 10 years, and it is not surprising that property speculation has become popular. The nation's wealth has risen to varying degrees, but there are few investment channels. Buying property as an investment has become a common phenomenon, and it is only natural that wealthy businessmen are involved in property speculation, as profit is almost guaranteed. The overabundance of funds is not exclusive to Shenzhen. Shenzhen's unique situation is that its population continues to expand, with an actual resident population of more than 20 million and an employed population that has surpassed Shanghai to become the nation's largest. And it keeps rising each year. Waves of newcomers are mostly highly paid scientific and technical talents who have strong demand for housing. They are also able to afford expensive housing, so it is natural that property prices have been pushed higher and higher. The central government has also had high expectations of Shenzhen and accorded generous preferential treatment to the city, triggering an inevitable influx of national capital into the city.

In the past, the last line of nearly all the so-called drastic measures to curb property speculation was always "crack down on real estate illegalities," and it is precisely these illegalities that are the endless problem. Perhaps the Shenzhen government can be forgiven for the failure of its drastic measures due to the overflow of capital in the country, but it must be held responsible for its inability to deal with illegalities.

Mainland China's unique fiscal and taxation system is the root cause of the surge in housing prices in various cities. While all taxes are partially paid to the central government, proceeds from land sales alone remain in the hands of local governments. Moreover, the financial revenues of major cities have become increasingly dependent on land sales. That is why local governments, when implementing the central government's directives, make the least effort to counter property speculation, since the municipal government is the largest stakeholder. Shenzhen's land sales revenue amounted to 37.6 billion RMB in the first half of this year. Despite the impact of the pandemic, the figure was nearly 40% higher than the same period last year. In July, after the introduction of the so-called drastic measures, there were eight land sales that amounted to 34 billion RMB. The financial incentive is so great that no one will hurt the housing market if they can get away with it.

Shenzhen's property market has reached a point where it is "too big to fail". It is impossible for either the central government or the Shenzhen municipal government to crack down on the property market. The realistic goal is to bring the market back to rationality, but the key is to crack down on illegalities. To let lawbreakers go unchecked is in essence to undermine the authority of the government, the consequences of which no government can afford.

市政府懶政不作為 深圳變成炒樓之都

深圳市近年房價飈升,炒房風潮熾熱,一個新樓盤攪珠中籤動輒也能賺幾百萬,市政府當然不敢忘記中央有關「房子是用來住的,不是用來炒的」指示,也採取過「辣招」去抑制炒樓風,但這些措施始終沒有奏效,其中有市場推動因素,也有政府懶政不起作用的原因。

深圳市樓價近10多年來節節上升,炒樓成風毫不稀奇。全國國民的財富都有不同程度的上升,但投資渠道不多,買房作為投資成為常見現象,商賈巨富參與幾乎穩賺的炒樓,也是自然,全國資金過剩的因素並非深圳獨享。而深圳的獨特情况是,人口不斷膨脹,目前實際常住人口已經超過2000萬,就業人口已經超過上海成為全國之冠,每年還在不斷上升,而且遷入的群體以高薪的科技人才居多,他們對住房有剛性需求,也有購買力承擔,推高樓價也屬正常。而且中央給予深圳極高的期盼和豐厚的優惠待遇,引發全國資金湧入深圳,更是在所必然。

過去幾乎所有遏制炒樓的所謂辣招,最後一條必定是:「嚴厲打擊房地產違法違規行為」,而正正是這些違法違規行為才是禁而不絕的問題所在。如果說全國資金過剩導致深圳市政府的辣招不奏效情有可原,對於無力對付違法違規行為,深圳市政府則有不可推卸的責任。

內地獨特的財稅制度,是各個城市房價飈升的根源,因為所有稅收都要部分向中央上繳,唯獨賣地收益可以全數留在地方政府,而且各大城市的財政收入過度依賴賣地收益的程度愈加嚴重,所以地方政府對於執行中央指示,最不積極的範疇就是打擊炒樓風氣,因為市政府才是最大的持份者。深圳市今年上半年賣地收入376億元,雖有疫情影響,仍然比去年同期上升近四成,在7月份所謂辣招出台後,8幅地賣了340億元,財政收入的誘因極大,瞞上欺下能夠過關,誰也不會捅破天去打擊樓市。

深圳的樓市,已經到了「大到不能倒」的地步,無論中央還是深圳市政府,都不可能去打擊樓市,讓市場回歸理性是現實的目標,關鍵是打擊違規違法行為。對違法者放任自流,實質上是對政府威信的自毁長城,這個責任也是任何政府負擔不起的。

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